Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What does chemistry have to do with physiology?
A
- Your entire body is made up of chemicals
- Chemical reactions underline all processes that occur in the body
2
Q
Your entire body is made up of what?
A
Chemicals
3
Q
What underlines all the processes that occur in the body?
A
Chemical reactions
4
Q
what is an example of processes in the body that are caused by chemical reactions?
A
- Digestion
- Muscle movement
- your heart pumping blood
5
Q
What kind of reaction is cellular respiration?
A
Redox (reduction-oxidation)
6
Q
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ———> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy + Heat
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat
7
Q
What are the types of chemical bonds?
A
- Covalent Bonds
- Hydrogen Bonds
- Ionic Bonds
8
Q
Covalent Bond
A
A bond formed by atoms sharing electrons
- do not conduct electricity
- do not easily dissolve in water
- tend to be gases or softer solids
9
Q
Electronegativity
A
The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons. Oxygen is electronegative (electron greedy). Electrons spend more time around the more electronegative atom. In the case of hydrogen and oxygenthe electrons spend more time in closer proximity to oxygen.
10
Q
Polarity
A
The separation of charges.
ex. a polar covalent bond
11
Q
polar covalent bond
A
A covalent bond in which the two atoms have different electronegativities, causing a separation of charges.
12
Q
Nonpolar Covalent bond
A
a covalent bond in which the two atoms have identical or very similar electronegativities so that the charges are distributed evenly.
13
Q
Covalent bonds are usually formed by what?
A
Nonmetals and metalloids
14
Q
Electron shells of metals…
A
metals have loosley held outer electron shells, they consistantly drop electrons and become positive ions.
15
Q
What creates an ionic bond?
A
When positive ions meet negative ions such as those found in the hallogen family, they are attracted to eachother, they bond to keep their energy use at the lowest possible minimum.
16
Q
Ionic bond
A
A bond formed by the transfer of electronsfrom one atom to another.
- They are extremely polar; more than polar covalent bonds
- ions usually have a crystaline form
- usually dissolve in water
- ions once dissolved in water give the water the ability to conduct electricity.
17
Q
A
18
Q
Hydrogen Bonds
A
The attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule.
- Attraction between a positive and a negative
19
Q
What are human made out of?
A
matter
20
Q
Matter
A
anything that occupies space and has mass
21
Q
What are the states of matter?
A
- Liquid
- Solid
- Gas
22
Q
Energy
A
the capacity to do work
23
Q
What are the types of energy?
A
- Kinetic
- Potential
24
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
energy in motion
25
Potential energy
has the potential to become kinetic energy
26
What are the _forms_ of energy?
1. Chemical
2. Electrical
3. Mechanical
4. Radiant
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Chemical energy
Chemical enegy is stored in bonds between atoms
ex. ATP
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Electrical energy
movement of charged particles
ex. nervous system, mucles
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Mechanical energy
moving matter
ex. riding a bike
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Radient energy
Travels in waves
ex. ultra violet radiation from the sun
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Energy can be ___________ into different forms
Converted
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Energy cannot be __________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. It can only be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
1. created
2. destroyed
3. converted
33
what is true of energy conversions?
They are inefficient, energy is always lost as heat.
34
what do chemical reactions do?
make or break bonds between atoms; they absorb or release energy
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Endergonic reactions
absorb more energy than they release
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Exergonic reactions
release more energy than they absorb
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Endergonic and Exergonic reactions are coupled to do what?
release and provide energy
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Types of reactions
1. Synthesis reaction
2. Decomposition reaction
3. Exchange reactions
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synthesis reactions
- smaller particles are bonded together to form larger more complex molecules
ex. Amino acids join together to make a protein molecule
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Decomposition Reaction
- Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules.
ex. glycogen is broken down to release glucose units
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Exchange reactions
- Bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions)
ex. ATP transfers its terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose- phosphate.
42
Do which types of reactions occur in cells?
All three (synthesis, decomp, and exchange)
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The synthesis of molecules in a cell
Anabolism
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What type of reaction represents Anabolism?
Synthesis reaction
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The decomposition reactions in a cell
Catabolism
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What type of reaction represents Catabolism?
Decomposition reaction
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Metabolism
* Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
* Metabolism is all the chemical reactions in a cell
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Redox reactions
* Oxidation-reduction reactions
* Combination of decomposition and exchange reactions
* Break a molecule down and use the pieces to build a new molecule
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Oxidation
LEO
* **_L_**oss of **_E_**lectrons; **_O_**xidation
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Reduction
GER
* **_G_**ain of **_E_**lectrons; _R_educed --- Think of it as the compond's positivity is reduced
51
What is an example of a redox reaction in the human body?
Cellular respiration; because glucose is oxidized loosing hydrogen atoms and turning into carbon dioxide. Oxygen is reduced to water by gaining the lost electrons
52
What is unique about the redox reaction of cellular respiration?
It cannot be reversed; meaning you cannot take carbon dioxide, water, heat and ATP to make glucose and oxygen.
53
Why are hydrogens considered the same thing as electrons?
because hydrogen has only one electron
54
Is cellular respiration the only redox reaction in the human body?
No there are tons of redox reactions in the human body
55
Are reactions reversible?
While cellular respiration is not a reversible reaction, some reactions are reversible in theory. Some reactios are more reversible than others, but some reversable reactions may require speacial conditions; ex. heat and water
56
What influences the rate of a chemical reaction?
1. Temperature: the higher the temp the faster the reaction
2. Concentration: how much of something you have- if you have more it takes longer
3. Particle size: How big the particle are; smaller particles move faster
4. Catalysts (enzymes): enzymes are found inside cells, they are a protein that speeds up a reaction.
57
What are the 2 principle classes of important biological molecules?
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
58
Inorganic molecules
* Usually small and simple molecules
* Lack carbon
ex. Water molecule
59
Organic molecules
* Structurally complex - use more elements and always use carbon
* Carbon based- always have carbon
* Covalent bonds
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Life depends on \_\_\_\_\_.
Carbon
61
Why is carbon so important?
* Carbon's electron arrangement; it can always form 4 bonds
* it is an unstable element and always wants to make bonds
* Carbon is the basis for building larger and larger molecules
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What is a major inorganic compound?
water
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is vital to life.
Water
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Why is water vital to life?
* Water dissolves solutes
* chemical reactions require water (synthesis, redox, decomp.)
* 60-80% of cell volume is water
65
What makes water suitable for life?
1. High heat capacity
2. High heat of vaporization
3. Polar solvent
4. Hydrogen Bonds
5. Important Reactant Provides cushioning
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What does it mean when its said that water has a high heat capacity?
* significant amount of heat energy ir required to break bonds; water has a high boiling point (this is because of it's hydrogen bonds)
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Why is it good that water has a high heat capacity?
its good because this means that if our temperature goes up we won't cook inside, and the oceans won't boil.
68
What does it mean when it is said that water has a high heat of vaporization?
when liquid turns into gas it removes heat.
ex. Sweating removes heat
69
Water is a _____ solvent and because it is a _____ solvent ...
water is a polar solvent because of its unequal sharing of electrons (polar covalent bonds) This gives it special properties that sustain life.
* it dissolves things very well; ex. Na+Cl- is pulled apart by hydrogen (+) and Oxygen (-)
* it is an excellent transport medium
70
Water is an important ________ in chemical reactions.
reactant
71
Reactant
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a chemical reaction.
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Monomer
"part" is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer
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Dehydration synthesis
Remove water to make a dimer
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Hydrolysis
add water to break bonds
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Water provides \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cushioning, it helps to protect and pad.
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Salts
* An ionic compound; ether a Cation or an Anion
* they carry a charge
* salts = ions = electrolytes
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Electrolytes
An ion/salt that carries an current
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What ion is this?
Sodium
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What ion is this?
Potassium
80
What ion is this?
Chloride
81
What ion is this?
Calcium
82
What ion is this?
Magnesium
83
What are the main electrolytes in body fluid?
1. NaCl- sodium chloride
2. CaCO3 calcium carbonate
3. KCl Potassium chloride
\*These are important because neurons communicate by the movement of ions
\*\* Ion balance is crucial
84
6 common elements composing the human body.
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus
3. Potassium
4. Sodium
5. Iodine
6. Iron
85
Calcium
Atomic symbol: Ca
* Found as a salt in the bones and teeth, its ionic (Ca2+) form is required for muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses and blood clotting
86
Phosphorus
Atomic symbol: P
part of calciumphosphate salts in bone and teeth. Also present in nucleic acids, and part of ATP.
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Potassium
Atomic symbol: K
it's ion K+ is th emajor cation in cells. Necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction.
88
Sodium
Atomic symbol: Na
as an ion Na+ sodium is the major cation found in extracellular fluids. Important for water balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.
89
Iodine
Atomic symbol: I
needed to make functional thyroid hormones
90
Iron
Atomic symbol: Fe
component of hemoglobin (which transports oxygen within a red blood cell) and store enzymes.
91
Acid
A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (proton)
* donates H+ to water molecules creating hydronium (proton donor)
* very reactive and corrosive
* HCl; hydrochloric acid
* water can break dowm HCl and cause it to give off hydrogens
92
pH
power of hydrogen
93
Base
A substance that dissociates into a cation and a hydrogen ion (OH-)
* Accepts/takes H+ from water molecules when mixed with water (proton acceptor)
* NaOH sodium hydroxide
* bases can nuetralize things
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Acid-base balance
* Is crucial for an organisms survival
* imbalance of acids and bases disrupts the cell's functioning particullarly the enzymes
95
How do we measure acid base concentrations?
* The pH scale
* 0 = acid
* 14 = base
* 7 = neutral
* when measuring pH you are measuring the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
96
What do brackets mean?
[H+] [NaCl]
* Brackets mean concentration of something
97
which is more 100 or 10-14 ?
* 100 because 100 = 1 which is alot
* the 1 means a 1 molar solution
98
Another word for a base is?
Alkaline
99
What is a buffer?
* a compund that keeps pH levels from changing drastically
* Lungs and kidneys are a major player in acid base balance
100
what are organic compounds?
* Molecules that contain carbon
101
What is so special about carbon why is it ideal for building life?
* Carbon can bond with 4 other atoms
* this makes the combinations endless
102
What is a chain of carbon atoms called?
a carbon skeleton
103
To build an organic compound you need...
small organic molecules
104
What are Macromolecules?
* Polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules
* the smaller molecules are called monomers
105
How are polymers/macromolecules formed?
* Monomers join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
106
What are the major macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
107
Which macromolecules are formed by dehydration synthesis?
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic Acids
108
Carbohydrates
* General function:
- plays apart in cell structure
- energy source
* Where in the body they can be found:
- in the food we eat
- glycogen in the liver
* Examples:
- consists of C, H, O with the formula (CH2O) n
- Monosaccarides: glucose
- Disaccarides: sucrose
- Polysaccharides: starch
- cellulose
109
What is a monosaccharide?
* simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms
110
What are Disaccharides, how are they formed? and how can they be broken apart?
* They are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis reaction
* They can be broken down throw hydrolysis
111
Polysaccharides
* consists of tens of hundreds of monosaccharides
112
How are starch, glycogen, dextran and cellulose related?
They are all polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently
113
Lipids
* General functions:
- part of cell membranes---- phospholipid bilayer
* Where in the body they can be found:
- simple lipids
- phospholipids
- Steroids/sterols
* Examples:
- fat in subcutaneous tissue
- hormones
- phosholipids in cell membranes
114
Lipids consist of...
(carbon, hydrogen and oxygen)
115
Lipids are...
Non polar and insoluable in water
116
Nonpolar =
Hydrophobic
117
What are the 3 types of lipids?
1. Simple lipids; fats or triglycerides
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids/Sterols; cholesterol
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Simple lipids
* Fats or triglycerides
* contain glycerol and fatty acids
* Formed by dehydration synthesis
* found in fat deposites of subcutaneous tissue and around organs
* protects and insulates organs
* major source of stored energy
119
* saturated fats are full of hydrogens
* unsaturated fats are not full of hydrogens and create kinks in the tails
* the kink is caused by a double bond of carbon that is why it is not hydrogen saturated.
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Phospholipids
* membranes are made
