Blood Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
What is blood made of
A
Plasma and formed elements
2
Q
What makes up the formed elements
A
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
3
Q
What are the three functions of blood
A
Distribution
Regulation
Protection
4
Q
What are the three dynamics of distribution in blood
A
Delivering oxygen and nutrients
Transport metabolic waste
Transport of hormones
5
Q
What are the three important factors for regulation of blood
A
Maintain appropriate body temperature
Maintain normal pH
Maintain adequate fluid volume
6
Q
What are the two driving dynamics for protection of blood
A
Preventing blood loss
Preventing infection
7
Q
What are the components of blood plasma
A
90% water
Solutes
8
Q
What makes up the solutes in blood plasma
A
Electrolytes
Plasma proteins
9
Q
What type of plasma proteins are found in blood plasma and what are the functions
A
Albumin- buffer
Globulin- antibodies
Fibrinogen- mesh for clotting
10
Q
Which cells play a crucial role in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
A
Erythrocytes
11
Q
Oxygen saturation point in the blood, used if theres respiratory dysfunction
A
Pulse oximetry
12
Q
What are three characteristics that support the function for transport of respiratory gas in erythrocytes
A
Small size and concave shape
High hemoglobin content
No mitochondria and anucleate
13
Q
Composed of four polypeptide chains
A
Globin
14
Q
Pigment bonded to each globin chain, gives blood red color
A
Heme
15
Q
How many oxygens bind to hemes central atom
A
1
16
Q
How many oxygens can a hemoglobin molecule transport
A
4
17
Q
Name for oxygen loading in lungs, Ruby red
A
Oxyhemoglobin
18
Q
Name for oxygen unloading in tissues dark red
A
Deooxyhemoglobin or reduced hemoglobin d
19
Q
CO2 loading in tissues, 20% of CO2 in blood binds to Hb
A
Carbaminohemoglobin
20
Q
Production of blood cells
A
Hematopoiesis
21
Q
Where does blood cell formation occur
A
Red bone marrow
22
Q
Where do all blood cells arise from
A
Hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)
23
Q
Red blood cell production
A
Erythropoiesis
24
Q
What influences myeloid stem cells to transform into an erythrocyte
A
Hormones and growth factors
25
Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on 1 and 2
Examples of each
1. Hormonal controls
Erythropoietin (EPO)
2. Dietary requirements
Iron nutrients and structural materials B vitamins
26
Too few red blood cells lead to tissue 1
1 hypoxia
27
Too many red blood cells lead to 1.
1. Increase in viscosity
28
Glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidneys, stimulates formation of erythrocytes
Erythropoietin
29
Mechanism that tells how much erythropoietin to make
| Accumulates in the kidneys
HIF hypoxia inducible factor
30
What happens if HIF is destroyed
No erythropoietin production
31
Breaks down HIF, and what happens if this is not present
Oxygen dependent enzymes
| Stimulates HIF
32
What are the three hormonal factors that cause an increase in EPO prod due to hypoxia
Decreased RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin per rbc
Reduced availability of O2
33
What are some dietary requirements for erythropoiesis
Nutrients and structural material
Iron
B complex
34
Necessary for hemoglobin synthesis
Iron
35
Necessary for DNA synthesis for rapidly dividing cells
B complex (B12 and folic acid)
36
When RBCs get old they get engulfed by macrophages of which organs
Spleen
Liver
Bone marrow
37
The heme is broken down into 1. and 2. And gets transported to the 3.
Heme and Bilirubin
| Liver
38
Bilirubin is secreted into the 1. in a form of 2.
Intestine
| Bile
39
Erythrocyte disorder where bloods oxygen carrying capacity is too low to support a normal metabolism
Anemia
40
Erythrocyte disorder where there is an abnormal excess of erythrocytes and increase blood viscosity
Polycythemia
41
3 causes for anemia
Blood loss
Low RBC prod
High RBC destruction
42
2 blood loss types that cause anemia
Acute hemorrhagic anemia
| Chronic hemorrhagic anemia
43
Rapid blood loss in a short period of time need a blood replacement
Acute hemorrhagic anemia
44
Slight but persistent blood loss (ulcer)
Chronic hemorrhagic anemia
45
4 different anemias caused by low RBC production
Iron deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Renal anemia
Aplastic anemia
46
An anemia thats is caused by hemorrhagic anemia, no iron intake or impaired absorption
Iron deficiency anemia
47
An anemia that is caused by an auto immune disease that destroys stomach mucosa, lack an **intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B necessary for cells to divide
Pernicious anemia
48
An anemia that is caused by lack of EPO
Renal anemia
49
An an anemia that is caused by destruction or inhibition of red marrow buy drugs and chemicals radiation viruses
Aplastic anemia
50
An anemia caused by high RBC destruction, examples
Hemolytic anemias
Thalassemias
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
51
Absent or faulty globin chain
Thalassemias
52
RBCs crescent shaped when unload O2 or blood O2 is low
| RBC rupture easy
Sickle cell anemia
53
Type of polycythemia that is from bone marrow cancer
Polycythemia vera
54
A polycythemia caused at high altitude's (less O2 available) or when EPO production increases
Secondary polycythemia
55
Artificially induced polycythemia, athletes increase red blood cell count to gain 02 carrying capacity
Blood doping
56
Leukocytes can leave capillaries via
Diapedesis
57
Move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis towards areas of tissue damage and infection
Diapedesis
58
Increase production of white blood cells, normal response to infection
Leukocytosis
59
Abnormally low white blood cell count
Leukopenia
60
2 chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature white blood cells that stimulates leukopoiesis
Interleukins
| Colony-stimulating factors
61
All leukocytes originate from 1.
Hemocytoblasts
62
A WBC that is larger and shorter lived than RBC
| Cytoplasmic granules stain with wrights stain
Granulocytes
63
WBC contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins
| Effecient phagocytic cells
Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
64
WBC with red staining lysosome like cytoplasmic granules
Release enzymes to digest parasitic worms
Role in allergies & asthma
Eosinophils
65
WBC with large purplish black cytoplasmic granules containing histamine
Basophils
66
Inflammatory chemical that acts to vasodilate to attract WBC to inflammed sites
Histamine
67
WBC mostly in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) few circulate in the blood
Lymphocyte
68
A lymphocyte that generally acts against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
T lymphocytes
69
Lymphocytes that give rise to plasma cells, which produce anti-bodies
B cells
70
Lymphocyte leave circulation enters tissues and differentiate into macrophages
Monocytes
71
Which cells activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
Monocytes
72
A leukocyte disorder that is cancerous over production of abnormal white blood cells, fill bone marrow lead to anemia
Leukemia
73
Leukocytes disorder with excessive numbers of a typical
| Agranulocytes, caused by Epstein Barr virus
Infectious mononucleosis
74
When is a blood transfusion needed
Loss of more than 30% of blood
75
This blood transfusion is used when blood loss is rapidly substantial
Whole blood transfusions
76
A blood transfusion where plasma and white blood cells are removed, restores oxygen carrying capacity
Packed red cells
77
A unique glycoprotein on RBC aka 2.
Antigen
| Agglutinogens
78
How do you classify blood cells into different groups
Presence or absence of each (2 antigens) A and B
79
In blood these are the "preformed" anti-A or anti-B to fight against transfused RBCs with ABO antigens NOT present on receipts RBCs
Antibodies (agglutinins)
80
Mismatched red blood cells may be 1. by 2. and destroyed
1. Agglutinated
| 2. Antibodies
81
1. Indicates the presence of the most common D antigen
Rh+ 85% Americans
82
A persons 1. and 2. blood groups are reported together
1. ABO
| 2. Rh
83
Unlike ABO system, anti Rh anti-bodies not preformed in 1.
Rh- individuals
84
The immune system of an Rh - individual will produce anti Rh antibodies form if 1. And 2.
1. Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood
| 2. Rh- mom carrying Rh+ fetus
85
Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby, the baby produces Rh agglutinins after delivery, Rh+ erythrocytes of subsequent babies are attacked by mothers Rh agglutinins
Hemolytic disease of new born
| Erythroblastosis fetalis
86
To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, 1.serum containing artificial anti-Rh can prevent Rh- mother up from producing immune response- does not make anti Rh antibodies
RhoGam
87
What happens when a donors cells good agglutinated by recipients antibodies
Clog small vessels
| Cells rupture or are destroyed by leukocytes
88
What are three results of transfusion reactions
Diminished 02 carrying capacity
Diminish blood flow beyond blocked vessels
Ruptured cells release hemoglobin into bloodstream causing kidney failure
89
What can be done before a transfusion to prevent agglutination and hemolysis
Blood typing
90
What are the functions of platelets
Function to stop bleeding by forming a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
91
Platelets derived from ruptured cytoplasmic extensions of 1.
1. Megakaryocyte
92
The hormone 1. regulates formation of platelets
Thrombopoietin
93
What are three triggers a vascular spasm
1. Direct injury to vascular smooth muscle
2. Chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets
3. Local pain receptor reflexes
94
During platelet plug formation, damage to blood vessel lining exposes 1.
Collagen fibers
95
How do platelets stick to collagen fibers
Via plasma protein von Willebrand factor
96
What are the 3 chemical messengers released by platelets that cause nearby platelets to become spiked and sticky (+ feedback)
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Serotonin
Thromboxane A2
97
During coagulation, The platelet plug is reinforced with 1. and blood is transformed from liquid to gel
Fibrin threads
98
What controls series of reactions in coagulation, where are they synthesized
Clotting factors (procoagulants)
Inactive until activated
Liver to vitamin K
99
During activation of coagulation what are those clotting factors turned into
Enzymes
100
What are the three phases in coagulation
1. Prothrombin activator formed
2. Prothrombin converted to enzyme thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyzes fibrinogen to fibrin
101
What are the two pathways to prothrombin activator
Initiated by either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways
102
Extrinsic pathway requires 1.
Tissue factor 3
103
Intrinsic/extrinsic pathway cascades both lead to 1. which complexes with 2. and 3. then leads to 4.
1. Factor X (10)
2. Calcium
3. Factor 5
4. Prothrombin activator
104
Intrinsic pathway requires 1. That occurs on 2.
PF3 (phospholipid aggregate platelets)
| 2. Activated platelet surface
105
What is phase 2 of coagulation
Prothrombin activator catalyzes transformation of prothrombin to active enzyme thrombin
106
What is phase 3 of coagulation
Thrombin catalyzes a transformation of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin by activating factor 13 (fibrin stabilizing factor)
107
What are some long term fixes of blood loss repair
Clot retraction
Vessel healing
Fibrinolysis
109
Stimulates cells of blood vessel wall to divide
Vessel healing
110
During vessel healing platelets release 1. to form a connective tissue patch
PDGF platelet derived growth factor
111
During vessel healing, endothelial cells release 1. to restore inner lining
Vascular endothelial growth factor
| VEGF
112
Removes unneeded clots after healing
Fibrinolysis
113
Fibrin digesting enzyme used during fibrinolysis
Plasmin
114
What are two homeostatic mechanisms that limit clot growth
Removal of clotting factors
| Inhibition of activated clotting factors by chemical factors
115
Inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin
Anti-thrombin 3
116
Inhibits thrombin by enhancing antithrombin 3
Heparin
117
Undesirable clot formation
Thromboembolic disorders
118
Both widespread clotting and bleeding at the same time
Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC
119
Stationary clot that develops and persist in unbroken blood vessel
Thrombus
120
Thrombus freely floating in blood stream (form somewhere else that was broken off)
Embolus
121
What are four drugs to prevent undesirable clotting
Aspirin
Heparin
Warfarin
Dabigatran
122
Inhibits thromboxane A2
Aspirin
123
Enhances antithrombin 3
| Inactivates fibrin
Heparin
124
Interferes with the action of vitamin K production of clotting factors
Warfarin
125
Inhibits thrombin
Dabigatran
126
Circulating platelet deficiency, red bone marrow destruction
Thrombocytopenia
127
Genetic bleeding disorder
Hemophilia
128
Most common type of bleeding disorder with factor 7 deficiency, minor tissue trauma causes prolonged bleeding into tissues
-via no prothrombin activator
Hemophilia A
129
Wide spread clotting in intact blood vessels, severe bleeding occurs because residual blood unable to clot
-via transfusion
DIC
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation
130
Platelets contract drawing ruptured blood vessel edges together
Clot retraction
