Blood Flashcards by mosope o

Plasma

Pale yellow liquid 
90% water
Proteins
Dissolved minerals 
Hormones

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Function of plasma

Transports dissolved substances,e.g. glucose, amino acids, urea

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Red blood cells

Made in the bone marrow and Broken down in spleen
Biconcave Discs with Large surface area
Thin membrane for easy diffusion
No nucleus
Contains haemoglobin (02) -> iron
Life span is 4 months
Smaller than average cells to fit through capillaries

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Function of red blood cells

Transport oxygen

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White blood cells

Larger than red blood cells
No definite shape 
Nucleus and mitochondria
Made in bone marrow
Mature in lymph

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Lymphocytes

25% of white blood cells
Stored in lymph
Large rounded nuclei with large surface area
Make antibodies to immobilize pathogens

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Monocytes

5% of white blood cells
Largest type
Large, kidney-shaped nucleus
Engulf pathogens through phagocytosis

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Platelets

Small cell fragments of megacytes
Produced in bone marrow
Clot the blood

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Function of platelets

Clot the blood

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Functions of blood

Transport ,e.g. O2, CO2, food, hormones, heat
Defense against disease
Regulation of body temperature

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Importance of blood groups

Blood transfusions
Blood is mixed incorrectly:
Antibodies react with antigens in donated blood
Blood clumps
May result in death

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Rhesus factor

Rhesus negative mother carries rhesus positive baby
Mothers blood produces antibodies
Maternal anti-d crosses placenta membrane and attacks red blood cells of foetus
Results in anaemia
An injection which a given period of time delays red blood cells in her circulation

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Open circulatory system

Heart pumps blood into vessels that are opened
Blood flows around all the cells of the body
Insects

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Blood

Tissue composed of cells bathed in a fluid called plasma

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Vein thrombosis

When platelets form an unwanted clot, especially deep within the veins of the legs

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What is the most common blood grouping system

ABO system out of 30 blood grouping systems

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Role of antibodies

To inactivate antigens

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Lymphocytes are split into

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B cells

T cells

Function of B cells

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Produce antibodies

Types of T-Cells

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Helper
Killer
Suppressor
Memory

Function of helper T-cells

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Recognize antigen
Secrete interferon
Stimulate the production of B cells
Activate killer cells

Function of Killer T-cells

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Attack infected cells

Secrete perforin

Function of suppressor T cells

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Stop immune responses

Function of memory T-Cells

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Remember antigens they have been exposed to

Long term protection

General defence system

Defend us against all pathogens | e.g. skin, mucus

Examples of general defence

* Skin acts as a barrier * Clotting prevents entry of pathogens * Mucus in respiratory system traps pathogens * Hydrochloric acid destroys pathogens

What are large phagocytes (white blood cell) is called

Macrophage

Complement

A set of proteins in plasma | Activated by infection and causes cell walls of bacteria to burst

Interferons

Set of proteins in plasma Become infected by viruses Prevent multiplying of viruses

Inflammation

Heat, redness and swelling around the site of infection

Specific defense (immune system)

Acts against one type of antigen or pathogen

Antigen

A foreign substance that stimulates the production of antigens

Antibody

A protein produced by white blood cells in response to an antigen

How Antibodies are Produced

* Monocytes recognize antigens on the surface of pathogens * Monocytes surround and digest pathogens and display antigens on their outer surface * Antigens stimulate lymphocytes to multiply and produce antibodies * Each Antibody engulf an antigen

How do to Antibodies inactivate Antigens

* Antibodies prevent the bacteria and viruses from entering cells * Antigen-containing cells clump and phagocytes destroy antigen * The complement system causes the pathogen cells to burst

Permanent Immunity

* On an infection is gone Lymphocytes that made the antibody live for many years * For another infection, the lymphocytes produces antibodies quicker in great numbers

B-Cells

Made in bone marrow Mature in bone marrow Move to lymph nodes

T-Cells

Made in bone marrow | Mature in thymus gland in chest

Induced Immunity

Ability to produce antibodies against specific antigens | • Active and Passive

Active Immunity

Body produces its own antibodies

Types of ACTIVE Induced Immunity

Natural - The body’s natural way of responding to an antigen’s entry Artificial - Injecting or ingesting small doses of non-reproductive antigen e.g. vaccination

Vaccine

A non-reproductive dose of an antigen designed to stimulate antibodies

Passive induced immunity

When antibodies pass from one organism to another (usually from mother to body)

Types of PASSIVE induced immunity

Natural - Antibodies from mother to child | Artificial - Antibodies are injected, e.g. tetanus jab

Blood Flashcards

(44 cards)