Blood

Question 1

How is CO2 carried by hemoglobin in RBCs?

Answer 1

CO2 diffuses into RBCs where it attaches to hemoglobin and is then called carbaminohemoglobin

Question 2

How much of the blood is made of formed elements?

Answer 2

45%

Question 3

How much of the blood is made of plasma?

Answer 3

55%

Question 4

An anemic person has a lower amount of ______

Answer 4

Formed elements

Question 5

What does polycythemia mean?

Answer 5

Low levels of plasma in the blood, high levels of formed element

Usually found in athletes that train at high altitudes

Blood may become thick and gel like

Question 6

What is plasma made of?

Answer 6

90% water and 10% solutes

Question 7

What are the solutes in plasma?

Answer 7

Globulins/antibodies - essential component of the immunity mechanism

Albumins -
help maintain osmotic balance of the blood

Fibrinogen -
help with blood clotting

Question 8

Why are plasma proteins important?

Answer 8

They are essential in maintaining normal blood circulation

Question 9

Why are RBCs shaped like a biconcave disks?

Answer 9

Because they don’t have a nucleus or other typical organelles, therefore they cannot repair themselves or create other proteins

Question 10

What rate are RBCs created and destroyed?

Answer 10

200 billion cells per day

Question 11

Where are red blood cells made?

Answer 11

Red bone marrow in adults

Question 12

What is eythropoiesis influenced by?

Answer 12

The availability of oxygen

Question 13

the formation of RBCs is regulated by what protein?

Answer 13

erythropoietin

Question 14

what organ secrets erythropoietin?

Answer 14

the kidneys

Question 15

how does erythropoietin work?

Answer 15

when there is not enough RBCs, erythropoietin triggers the red bone marrow to make more RBC’s

Question 16

how long does it take for a hemocytoblast to become a red blood cell, and released into circulation?

Answer 16

4 days

Question 17

What happens to a red blood cell after 120 days?

Answer 17

it enters the microphage in the spleen or liver heme (iron) separated from globulin. Globulin is used in some amino acids some heme is made into bilirubin which finish later

Question 18

What does blood type refer to?

Answer 18

blood type refers to what type of antigen is on the cell

Question 19

what are the different blood types?

Answer 19

A,B,AB,O

Question 20

true or false,

antibodies (plasma) are the opposite of the antigens (RBCs)

Answer 20

true, ex. type a blood/RBC/antigen has type b plasma/antibodies

Question 21

what is unique about AB and O blood types (in regards to antibodies and antigens)?

Answer 21

type AB does not have antibodies but has both A and B antigens. Type O does not have antigens and has both A,B antibodies

Question 22

what happens when antibodies come in contact with the same antigen?

Answer 22

they bind together and cause clotting

Question 23

what blood type is the universal donor?

what does this mean?

Answer 23

O

o blood types can only receive o blood, but can be given to any blood type

Question 24

what blood type is the universal recipient?

what does this mean?

Answer 24

AB

can receive any donor, but cannot give to anyone

Question 25

what does Rh positive and negative mean?

Answer 25

Rh positive means you have a protein (Rh antigen) on your RBCs, negative means that the protein is not on the RBCs

Question 26

what are the two main types of white blood cells?

Answer 26

granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Question 27

what are the different types of granulocytes?

Answer 27

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Question 28

what do neutrophils do?

Answer 28

phagocytic cells with granules containing lysosomes freely circulating capable of diapedesis

Question 29

what do eosinophils do?

Answer 29

they are weakly phagocytic , they mainly release chemicals | mainly in respiratory and digestive mucous to help protect against parasitic worms

Question 30

what do basophils do?

Answer 30

cytoplasmic granules that contain histamine and heparin | capable of diapedesis

Question 31

what is diapedesis?

Answer 31

ability of some WBCs to escape capillaries usually when they are infected

Question 32

which WBCs start synthesize and mature in bone marrow?

Answer 32

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 33

where do most lymphocytes and monocytes mature?

Answer 33

in lymphatic tissue, from hematopoietic stem cells

Question 34

t or f | it can be challenging to tell if you have an infection by looking that the type of WBCs are most abundant in the body

Answer 34

false

Question 35

why are WBCs clinically significant?

Answer 35

they change with disease

Question 36

what are the types of white blood cells?

Answer 36

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 37

what do lymphocytes do?

Answer 37

they are the smallest WBCs play important role in immunity T lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens

Question 38

what are monocytes?

Answer 38

largest leukocytes mobile and very phagocytic because of size, are capable of dealing with larger infections

Question 39

what are platelets (thrombocytes)?

Answer 39

they are involved in blood clotting and are formed in the red bone marrow critical in hemostasis (stop blood flow)

Question 40

what is the goal of blood coagulation?

Answer 40

stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid | fibrin grows over the clot

Question 41

what is the dual activation of coagulation?

Answer 41

extrinsic pathway - chemicals released from damaged tissues | intrinsic pathway -chemicals present in blood