Endocrine System Flashcards

(51 cards)

1
Q

what are the differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A
Nervous system
effects muscles and glands only 
effects postsynaptic cells 
chemical messengers are neurotransmitters 
chemicals travel a short distance 
receptors are in the plasma membrane 
they are fast 
short-lived (milliseconds) 
Endocrine systems 
effects pretty much all tissues 
effector cells are target cells 
chemical messengers are hormones 
secreting cells are granular epithelial cells 
chemicals travel long distances 
receptors are in plasma membranes and inside cell 
they are slow 
effects are long lasting
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2
Q

how are nervous systems and endocrine systems the same

A

they both act as messaging systems (sending messages to maintain homeostasis)
they function to communicate, integrate and control
chemicals bond to specific receptors to cause a change in the target cells

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3
Q

T or F

endocrine system works with nervous system

A

true

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4
Q

T/F

there are few glads of the endocrine system in the body

A

false

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5
Q

what are some endocrine glads made of?

A

neurosecretory tissue

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6
Q

what are endocrine glands made out of?

A

glandular epithelium

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7
Q

what do endocrine glands do?

A

they release hormones into the blood to travel to specific target cells with hormone specific receptors

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8
Q

T/F endocrine glands produce hormones as needed

A

false, endocrine glands produce more hormone molecules than needed

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9
Q

what happened to unused hormones?

A

they are excreted by the kidneys or broken down by metabolic processes

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10
Q

what are the general principles of hormone action?

A
  1. Different hormone receptor interactions produce different regulatory changes with the target cell through chemical reactions (can have the same hormone that has slightly different impacts on different types of cells)
  2. Cells can have many different types of receptors: one cell can be the target of different hormones
  3. Most hormones have primary effects that directly regulate target cells
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11
Q

what are the different classifications of hormones according to function?

A

tropic
sex hormones
anabolic

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12
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

growth hormones

target other endocrine glands to stimulate their growth and secretion

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13
Q

what do sex hormones do?

A

target reproductive tissues

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14
Q

what to anabolic hormones do?

A

builds

stimulate the production of complex molecules in target cells

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15
Q

how do hormones signal a cell?

A

by binding to the target cells specific receptors in a “lock and key mechanism”

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16
Q

T/F

hormones can act on any receptor

A

false
hormones can only act on specific receptors.
the space of the receptor determines which hormone can react with it

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17
Q

what are the two classifications of hormones based on chemical structure?

A

steroid/lipid hormones

non steroid hormones

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18
Q

what is the structure of. a steroid hormone?

A

it is synthesized from cholesterol, it is lipid soluble

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19
Q

what is the structure of a non steroid hormone?

A

synthesized primarily from amino acids (example protein hormones, glycoprotein)

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20
Q

what is the action of a steroid hormone?

A

regulates gene expression to protein synthesis

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21
Q

what is the action of a non steroid hormone?

A

triggers intracellular 2nd messenger pathway to activate protein

22
Q

are steroids or non steroids stored in secretory cell?

A

non steroid, since as soon as they are made, they can easily escape the membrane

23
Q

do steroid or non steroid hormones have a receptor fixed in the plasma membrane?

24
Q

do steroid or non steroid hormones have a receptor mobile in the cytoplasm or nucleus?

25
T/F steroids response time is very short ie: sec- mins?
false steroids response time takes hours or days
26
T/F non steroids response time is very short ie: sec-mins?
T
27
Why is it that steroid hormones have very similar structures but very different effects?
due to a single hydrogen atom placement
28
what determines the amount of steroid hormone present?
the magnitude of a target cells response
29
how do steroid hormones regulate cells
regulation the the productions of certain critical proteins | process takes 45mins-several days
30
what is the first sequence of events of a steroid hormone?
steroid hormone detached from a carrier protein which makes transport of a steroid hormone in blood easier
31
what is the second sequence of events of a steroid hormone?
lipid soluble hormone passes through the plasmas membrane into the cytoplasm or nucleus
32
what is the third sequence of events of a steroid hormone?
hormone binds with a mobile receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex
33
what is the fourth sequence of events of a steroid hormone?
complex binds to a specific site on a DNA molecule
34
what is the fifth sequence of events of a steroid hormone?
transcription of encoded genetic information starts
35
what is the sixth sequence of events of a steroid hormone?
new mRNA moves to the cytosol, where is associates with a ribosome to start translation
36
what is the seventh sequence of events of a steroid hormone?
new protein produces specific effects in the target cell aka hormone action
37
is the action of a steroid or non steroid hormone faster?
nonsteroid, because it doesn't involve transcription and translations
38
what is the fist sequence of events of a non steroid hormone?
a non steroid hormone first messenger binds to a fixed receptor (gprotein-coupled receptor, GPCR) in the plasma membrane
39
what is the second sequence of events of a non steroid hormone?
this activates membrane-bound proteins (G protein and PIP) that trigger the opening of Ca++ channels
40
what is the third sequence of events of a non steroid hormone?
Ca++ ions, which are normally at a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid, diffuse into the cell and bind to a calmodulin
41
what is the fourth sequence of events of a non steroid hormone?
the Ca++ calmodulin complex is a second messenger that binds to an enzyme to produce an allosteric effect that promotes or inhibits the enzymes regulatory effect in the target cell
42
the second messenger system is a form of _____
signal transduction
43
what feedback loop is hormone secretion a part of?
negative feedback loop
44
how can endocrine Gand secretion be regulated?
by hormones produced by other glands
45
what can influence endocrine gland secretions?
nervous system input
46
what is synergism?
2+ hormones acting together have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone
47
what is antagonism?
one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone; this is used to "fine tune" the activity of target cells with great accuracy
48
what is permissiveness?
small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell
49
what is upregulation?
is caused by: decrease in hormonal levels in the blood which leads to: increased number of hormone receptors (upregulation) in order to increase sensitivity of response
50
what is down regulation?
caused by: decreased number of hormone receptors leads to: decreased number of hormone receptors in order to decrease sensitivity of response
51
what is an eicosanoid?
unique group of lipid hormones different from a normal hormone because the secretion is produces in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to other cells in the same tissue hormones tend to integrate activities of wide spread organs eicosanoids are only with neighbouring cells