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Immune System Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

what is the purpose of the immune system?

A

to protect the body from assaults on the body

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2
Q

what is the key to immunity?

A

cell identification

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3
Q

what are antigens?

A

cellular “identification tags”
proteins that sit on cell membrane
every cell has different types of cell antigens (unless identical twin)
a cell that is recognized as different can lead to an attach

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4
Q

what are self antigens

A

molecules on the surface of cells, the are unique

the body does not attack these cells

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5
Q

what are nonself antigens?

A

molecules on the surface of foreign or abnormal cells = attack

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6
Q

nonspecific immunity means

A

innate immunity

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7
Q

specific immunity means

A

adaptive immunity

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8
Q

what is the role of innate immunity?

A

try to neutralize and prevent infection from any type of microbe that is identified as foreign
minimizes threat

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9
Q

what is the role of adaptive immunity?

A

if we encounter a specific virus our bodies already have encountered it and are therefore faster, more efficient and better at reacting to it

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10
Q

how long does innate immunity take?

A

up to 12 hours

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11
Q

how long does adaptive immunity take?

A

days

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12
Q

what is the first line of defence in innate immunity?

A

mechanical barriers and chemical barriers

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13
Q

what are mechanical barriers?

A

internal environment of the body is protected by a barrier formed by the skin and mucous membranes

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14
Q

what are chemical barriers?

A

skin and mucous membranes provide additional immune mechanisms - sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach

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15
Q

what is species resistance?

A

genetic characteristics of an organism or species that defend against pathogens

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16
Q

what is the second line of defence in innate immunity?

A

Inflammation and phagocytosis

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17
Q

why does inflammation occur?

A

it is Designed for the body to produce the optimal environment for the bodies immune system to counteract any infection and cellular injury that may have occurred due to infection or the way the injury occurred

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18
Q

what are the main cells that triggerman inflammatory response?

A

Mast cells

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19
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

they send out an alarm for histamine to be released

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20
Q

what does histamine do?

A

dilated blood vessels and increase vascular permeability

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21
Q

what is vascular permeability?

A

makes blood cells more leaky

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22
Q

what are the characteristics of inflammation?

A

redness, swelling, pain

This is caused because more blood cells enters into the tissue that normally wouldn’t, causing the redness and the the swelling because the RBCs live the capillaries and enter the tissue.

Pain because histamine acts on the nerve endings, which make them more sensitive

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23
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

Movement of blood cells that are leaking out of the blood vessels toward the area of highest concentration of histamine

Histamine is an attractant to white blood cells

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24
Q

what does chemotaxis attract?

A

white blood cells to the area of injury

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25
what is diapedesis?
process by which immune cells squeeze through the wall of a blood vessel to get to the site of injury of infection
26
what allows the immune cells to squeeze through the blood vessel walls?
the influence of histamine blood vessels increase in diameter and the internal lining of the blood vessel .
27
what is pavementing?
WBCs sticking to the interior surface of the blood capillaries
28
how do white blood cells go through diapedesis?
they move slowly along the blood vessels that have increased in diameter and when they find a gap between adjacent blood vessels they slip through
29
where to white blood cells gather?
they gather to the area of the greatest amount of tissue damage/ greatest potential source of infection as well as chemotaxis (where the highest levels of histamine are)
30
what is phagocytosis?
ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small organisms
31
what is the process of phagocytosis?
1. bacterial cells are recognized 2. bacteria becomes bound to the phagocyte which triggers invagination 3. invagination (well forming in the membrane to engulf bacteria) 4. fusion of the phagosome and th lysosomes releases digestive enzymes from the lysosome and bacteria degradation 5. much of the bacteria can be used in the cell any unused waste components are broken down and released through exocytosis/ excretion
32
what is a neutrophil
most numerous phagocyte usually first to arrive at site of injury migrates out of blood stream
33
how is pus formed
form WBCs that work themselves to death
34
what are antigen presenting cells?
after phagocytosis some phagocytes take a part of the digest material and put it in their cellular membrane . cells display antigens on the surface of the membrane to trigger a specific (adaptive) immune response
35
what is a microphage
large phagocytic monocyte cells that grows to be several times its original size after going out if the bloodstream important APCs
36
what are dendritic cells
a type of APC with long branches or extensions, looks like | kinda looks like a neutron
37
what is a fever
abnormally high body temperature triggered by inflammation mediators The body's response to try and fix our immune system
38
what are pyrogens?
any chemical molecule that is capable of producing fever
39
where are pyrogens released from?
from damaged tissues (endogenous) or introduced to the body (exogenous)
40
what do pyrogens promote?
prostaglandin production
41
what does (PG) prostaglandin do?
acts on the hypothalamus to increase temperature.
42
T/F fever highlights our immune system is doing well
true
43
T/F | fever is thought to increase immune function and inhibit pathogens?
True | Most cells have a peak working temp of 40
44
are natural killer cells apart of the innate or adaptive response system
innate responce
45
what are lymphocytes?
specialized cells that kill other cells that look normal | kill tutor cells and cells infected by viruses
46
how do natural killer cells work?
killer inhibiting receptor (MHC) is displayed by most cells in our bodies. Natural killer cells (Nk cells). Nk cells notice it and determine it as a natural cell in our body. If MHC is not present the Nk cell will notice and release perforin and granzymes with lead to cell death
47
what response system are interferon and complement apart of?
innate immune system
48
what is an interferon?
Molecule that is released by infected cells, interferon alerts other near by cells to amp up defences
49
what is a complement?
group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses help increase/boost reactions
50
what is adaptive immunity?
Only one type of cell that is capable of recognizing and addressing the issue of one specific virus or bacteria of one specific strain of microbe
51
what are the two different types of lymphocytes?
b-cells and t-cells
52
T/F Both are synthesized on red bone marrow Both end up circulatory system and hang out mostly in lymph nodes
true
53
where are b-cells synthesized and mattures?
in the red bone marrow
54
what does antibody-mediated immunity/ humeral immunity mean?
Means tissue fluid Cells produce and synthesize antibodies Can recognize any specific foreign cells that are floating around in body in circulatory system If the foreign cell is in a cell this is not the job for B cells and this is there T cells come in
55
where are T cells synthesized and matured?
they are synthesized in the red bone marrow, but they leave the red bone marrow asimmature pre-t cells and head towards the thymus, and mature into T cells
56
what is cell-mediated immunity/ cellular immunity
infected cells are recognized by T cells
57
what are naive lymphocytes?
lymphocytes that have not been exposed to a foreign molecule
58
what has to happen to activate, activated immune cells?
2 signals have to occur at the same time | Triggers cellular replication of that type of lymphocyte making that antigen to fight off that infected agent
59
where do naive B cells develop?
in the red bone marrow
60
where are the antibodies located in regards to naive b Cells
on the cell surface
61
what happens when live B cells encounters a foreign antigen?
they replicate and migrate to lymph nodes, liver and spleen.
62
?
Rapid mitotic division into specific B cells Plasma (effector B cells) secrete antibodies Memory B cells
63
what is the structure of an antibody?
essentially a complex protein (immunoglobulins)
64
what is an antibody made of?
4 polypeptide chains, that give it a Y shape individually the proteins are not capable of doing anything, they only are functional together 2 heavy chains and two light chains which are joined by Joined by desulfurization bridges and have variable regions
65
T/F | Different shapes of antibody structures can bind to different types of antigens
True
66
what is clonal selection theory?
we have a pool of many different types of lymphocytes that all have slightly different structure of their antibodies on their cell surface This means that when one of them gets activated by a specific antigen, only that particular strain of lymphocyte will become activated
67
what is primary immunity
When we first encounter a new bacteria or virus it takes about 10 days before we get synthesis of immunoglobulin igM - gets produced first, its like a trial run of an antibody, not as effective as igG takes loner but is more accurate
68
What is secondary immunity?
Now we have the memory cells which can be activated much more quickly much more rapid and large amount in a shorter amount of time of cells being able to produce immunoglobulin G Therefore if we are effected by the same bacteria or virus it can be treated faster and more efficiently
69
what are antibody antibody functions?
Once antibody has found the antigen, it can bind to it which prevents it from attacking other cells Increases chance of inactivating antigen by binding lots of antigens together called agglutination, sticking lots of the bacterial virus together, making a big clump, preventing them from freely circulating and effecting our cells Can help with phagocytosis Can activate the compliment cascade, which makes the immune system more efficient Can initiate the release of inflammatory chemicals from mast cells making other cells more alert of infected cells
70
what do B cells secrete?
antibodies
71
what happens when a naive T cell encounters a foreign antigen?
Rapid mitotic division into specific sensitized T cells When they recognize the antigens displayed on the surface of our cells that have become infected it can release cytokines, that kill our effected cell and directly attack the bacteria within effected cell
72
where do memory B cells stay?
in the red bone marrow
73
what is an immunological synapse?
To prevent cytokines from going everywhere a complex is formed between the t cell and the effected cell
74
T/F | T cells display antigen receptors on their surface membranes that are similar to antibodies
True
75
T/F | T cells can only interact with foreign antigens that have been phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells
True

Anatomy (5 decks)

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