Blood

Question 1

What is blood composed of

Answer 1

Cells and plasma proteins

Question 2

What cells make up the blood

Answer 2

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 3

What is the function of red blood cells

Answer 3

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Make up 99% of the cells

Question 4

What is the function of white blood cells

Answer 4

Immune function to fight infection

Question 5

What is the function of platelets

Answer 5

They are involved in blood clotting

Question 6

What does plasma consist of

Answer 6

Extracellular fluid
Water
Electrolytes

Question 7

What electrolytes are present in plasma

Answer 7

Glucose
Fatty acids
Glycerides
Amino acids

Question 8

Where are the plasma proteins produced

Answer 8

The liver

Question 9

What are the plasma proteins

Answer 9

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogens
Regulatory proteins

Question 10

What is the function of albumins

Answer 10

Maintain on optic pressure

Involved in transport of lipids

Question 11

What is the function of globulins

Answer 11

Transport of ions, hormones, lipids

Immune function

Question 12

What is the function of fibrinogens

Answer 12

Key component of blood clotting

Inactive form of fibrin (active)

Question 13

What are regulatory proteins

Answer 13

They are involved in the regulation of enzymes and hormones

Question 14

What is the average blood volumes of males

Answer 14

70ml/kg body weight

Question 15

What is the average blood volume of females

Answer 15

60ml/kg body weight

Question 16

What percentage of blood volume does plasma make up

Answer 16

55%

Question 17

What percentage of blood volume do cells make up

Answer 17

45%

Question 18

What is the standard diameter for a red blood cell

Answer 18

7 micrometers

Question 19

What is the shape of a red blood cell

Answer 19

Biconcave disc

Question 20

Why do red blood cells have a specific shape

Answer 20

Large surface area
Rapid gas transfer across cell membranes
Allows to bend in narrow capillaries
Can expand to accommodate hypotonic solutions

Question 21

What is the average life span of a red blood cell

Answer 21

120 days (4 months)

Question 22

How are red blood cells broken down

Answer 22

MPS system, mainly in the spleen but also the liver

Question 23

What happens to haemoglobin in the breakdown of a red blood cell

Answer 23

It is disintegrated into the protein part, iron and haem

The haem is broken down into biliverdin which is reduced to bilirubin

Question 24

What happens to bilirubin after it has been converted

Answer 24

It is conjugated in the liver and excreted as bile pigments

Question 25

What is erythropoietin regulated by

Answer 25

Erythropoietin

Question 26

Where is erythropoietin produced

Answer 26

The kidneys

Question 27

Why does a red blood cell not have a nucleus

Answer 27

It allows them to carry more haemoglobin

Question 28

What happens to unviable red blood cells

Answer 28

10% undergo haemolysis and are broken down, taken out of circulation and go to the kidneys to be excreted

Question 29

How are red blood cells usually broken

Answer 29

They pass into macrophages in the spleen, liver and bone marrow. They get broken down into amino acids which get released back into circulation. Haem is broken down into bilirubin

Question 30

What is required for erythropoiesis

Answer 30

Folic acid and Vitamin B12

Question 31

What is the structure of haemoglobin

Answer 31

Globular protein 2 alpha chains 2 beta chains 4 haem groups

Question 32

What is the haemoglobin in a foetus called

Answer 32

Immature | Called Hb-F

Question 33

What are the types of blood cells

Answer 33

Granulocytes | Agranulocytes

Question 34

What are the different granulocytes

Answer 34

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Question 35

What is the function of neutrophils

Answer 35

Phagocytic | Respond to inflammation

Question 36

What is the function of basophils

Answer 36

Circulating mast cells Produce histamine Responsible for blood clotting Very active in people with hay fever

Question 37

What is the function of eosinophils

Answer 37

Involved in allergic reactions as well as defence against parasites

Question 38

What are the different agranulocytes

Answer 38

Monocytes | Lymphocytes

Question 39

What is the function of monocytes

Answer 39

Become macrophages

Question 40

What is the function of lymphocytes

Answer 40

Cell mediated immunity - T cells | Humoral immunity - antibody producing - B cells

Question 41

Why do neutrophils stain dark

Answer 41

They are multinucleated

Question 42

What does binucleate and what cell can be binucleate

Answer 42

Same nucleus but has two different parts | Eosinophils

Question 43

What does the cytoplasm of an eosinophil stain

Answer 43

Pink

Question 44

What are platelets derived from

Answer 44

Megakaryocytes

Question 45

What is the most common blood group

Answer 45

O

Question 46

What is the least common blood group

Answer 46

AB

Question 47

What is the most common Rh group

Answer 47

Rh+

Question 48

What happens if an Rh- person receives Rh+ blood

Answer 48

They will develop anti Rh antibodies | This does not affect the recipient

Question 49

Why can being Rh- be an issue during pregnancy

Answer 49

If an Rh- female conceives and Rh+ foetus, some of the foetal RBCs can enter the maternal circulation at birth resulting in the mother developing anti-Rh antibodies These can attack and haemolyse the RBCs of a subsequent Rh+ foetus, resulting in the haemolytic disease of the new born

Question 50

What plasma proteins are the most abundant

Answer 50

Albumins

Question 51

What plasma proteins are the least abundant

Answer 51

Regulatory Proteins

Question 52

What white blood cell is most abundant

Answer 52

Neutrophil

Question 53

What white blood cell is least abundant

Answer 53

Basophils