What is the abdomen
Body cavity between diaphragm and pelvic inlet
Separated from thorax but not tubule
What are the regions of the abdomen
R hypochondrium Epigoastric L hypochondrium R lumbar Umbilical L lumbar R iliac fossa Suprapubic (hypogastrium) L iliac fossa
What region of the abdomen is the stomach found in
Left hypochondrium/epigastric region
What are the sections of the stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
What is anterior/superior to the stomach
Lower ribs, diaphragm and liver
What is posteriors/inferior to the stomach
Diaphragm, spleen, left kidneys adrenal glands and pancreas
What are the muscular layers of the stomach
Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique
What are the functions of the stomach
Stores swallowed food Retention of food Mixing of gastric juice Chemical and mechanical functions Limited absorption
What secretory cells are found in the stomach
Mucous secreting cells
Parietal (oxyntic) cells
Chief cells
Endocrine
Describe the cardia
Point where the oesophagus connects to the stomach and through which food passes into the stomach
Describe the fundus
Located inferior to the diaphragm and above and to the left of the cardia
Dome shaped
Where air that passes upwards sits
Describe the body
Located below the fundus
Makes up main bulk of the stomach
Describe the pylorus
Connects the stomach to the duodenum, funnel shaped
What are the parts of the pylorus
Pyloric antrum
Pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter
Describe the pyloric antrum
Wider end of the funnel
Connects to the body of the stomach
Describe the pyloric canal
Narrower end
Connects to the duodenum
Describe the pyloric sphincter
Located at the latter point of connection and controls stomach emptying
What happens to the stomach in the absence of food
Stomach deflates inwards and its mucosa and submucosa fall into a large fold called a ruga
What is the greater curvature
Convex lateral surface of the stomach
What is the lesser curvature
Concave medial border of the stomach
What is the function of the stomachs inner oblique smooth muscle layer
Can vigorously churn food, mechanically breaking it down
What do mucus secreting cells do
Found on luminal surface on gastric pits
They secrete bicarbonate rich mucus (alkaline)
What do parietal (oxyntic) cells do
Produce HCl and intrinsic factors
What is the function of HCl
Needed to activate pepsin
What is the function of intrinsic factors
Binds to B12 molecules to protect them from digestive juices in the stomach until it reaches the small intestine where it facilitates absorption
Where are chief cells located
Basal regions of gastric glands
What do chief cells secrete
Pepsinogen - inactive form of pepsin
What do G cells release
Gastric which increases contractions of later parts of the GI tract
What arteries supply the stomach
Hepatic R and L gastric Short gastric Splenic R and L gastroepiploic Gastroduodenal
What veins drain the stomach
R and L gastric which drain into portal vein
Short gastric veins and L gastric epiploic veins drain into the splenic which drains into the superior mesenteric
R gastric epiploic drains directly into the superior mesenteric
What is oesophageal varices
When liver blood flow in obstructed it results in portal hypertension then blood builds up in lower oesophageal vessels which swell up
What is contained within the greater omentum
Adipose tissue
Lymphatics
Blood vessels
Nerves
What is the role of omentum
Encases infection
What are the differences in cell type in the different regions of the stomach
Cardia - Mucous
Body - Parietal
Pylorus - Mucous
Where do all the arteries of the stomach come off
Coeliac trunk