Blood and Immunology Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
How much blood does an average man have?
A
5L
2
Q
How much blood does a new born baby have?
A
350ml
3
Q
Who has more blood males or females?
A
Males
4
Q
What are the functions of blood?
A
Carry physiologically active compounds Carry gas Maintenance of ECG pH Defence Clotting Thermoregulation
5
Q
What % of plasma is water?
A
95%
6
Q
What % of plasma is not water?
A
5%
7
Q
What is plasma?
A
The liquid part of blood
8
Q
What 3 categories are plasma proteins divided into?
A
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
9
Q
What is the main plasma protein?
A
Albumin
10
Q
What is the general role of fibrinogen?
A
Works to clot the blood
11
Q
What is globulin subdivided into?
A
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
12
Q
What 2 forces if the movement of fluid between capillary and ISP subject to?
A
Hydrostatic pressure
Colloid Oncotic Pressure
13
Q
Where is pressure higher; inside or outside the vessel?
A
Inside
14
Q
What is hypoproteinaemia?
A
When there is abnormally low levels of circulating plasma proteins
15
Q
What is a common characteristic of hypoproteinaemia?
A
Oedema due to loss of oncotic pressure
16
Q
Where do all blood cells come from?
A
Undiffentiated stem cells in the body
17
Q
What is an uncommitted pluripotent cell?
A
Still a stem cell
18
Q
What is a committed prognitory cell?
A
A multipotent stem cell that will become a blood cell but not entirely clear which exact type of blood cell it will become
19
Q
Are platelets a cell?
A
No - there are a vital for blood clotting but they aren’t cells in their own right
20
Q
What is a myeloid cell?
A
Anything that isn’t a lymphocyte
21
Q
What is the more common name for erythrocytes?
A
RBC
22
Q
What is the most abundant blood cell?
A
RBC
23
Q
What is the cytoplasm of a RBC packed full of?
A
Haemoglobin
24
Q
What is haemoglobin?
A
A gas transporter
25
What is oxyhaemoglobin bound to?
Oxygen
26
What is the difference between oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin?
Oxyhaemoglobin is bound to oxygen
| Deoxyhaemoglobin is not bound to oxygen
27
What is the name of the formation of RBC?
Erythropoiesis
28
What is erythropoiesis controlled and accelerated by?
Erythropoietin
29
When the kidneys become diseased what cannot be produced as easily?
Erythropoiten
30
What do RBC not have?
A nucleus
| Mitochondria
31
Where does all the energy in RBC come from and why?
Glycolysis
| Because they don't have mitochondria
32
What is a more common name for leukocytes?
WBC
33
Are WBC nucleated?
Yes
| They do have a nucleus
34
What are WBC involved in?
Immunity
35
What is the most abundant WBC?
Neutrophils
36
Are neutrophils phagocytic?
Yes
37
What is the half life of neutrophils?
6 hours
38
How many neutrophils doe we produce a day?
Around 100 million
39
What is our first line of defence WBC?
Neutrophil
40
When do eosinophils divide rapidly?
In response to an allergic response
41
What do eosonphils attack?
Large pathogens
42
What do basophils release?
Histamine
| Heparin
43
What do basophils reduce?
The viscosity of blood
44
What do monocytes become?
Macrophages
45
What is the largest WBC?
Monocytes
46
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
47
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
B cells
| T cells
48
What nature is a macrophage?
Phagocytic
49
A macrophage is a matured?
Monocyte
50
Where are macrophages found?
Liver
| Lungs
51
What type of immunity are lymphocytes part of?
Adaptive immunity
52
What can lymphocytes produce?
Memory cells
| Immunological memory
53
Why is an immunological memory created?
To create a faster secondary response
54
What is leukopoiesis?
WBC formation
55
What is WBC formation controlled by?
Cocktail of cytokines
56
What do the cytokines stimulate in WBC formation?
Mitosis and maturation of WBC
57
What are platelets?
Membrane bound cell fragments
58
Are platelets nucleated?
Rarely
59
What do platelets mediate?
Clotting
60
What is the function of platelets?
To adhere to damaged vessels and connective tissue and clot
61
How much thicker is plasma than water?
1.8 times
62
How much thicker is blood than water?
3-4X
63
What is the viscosity of blood dependent on?
Haematocrit
Temperature
Flow rate
64
What is one of the key features of the immune system?
The ability to recognise self and non-self
65
What is a pathogen?
Anything that is going to cause harm or disease
66
Give examples of pathogens?
Bateria
Viruses
Parasites
Fungi
67
What are the 2 vital physical barriers in immunity?
Skin
| Mucous membrane
68
Which is a more important physical barrier skin or mucous membranes?
Mucous membranes
| Because they cover such a large surface area
69
What is mucous produced by?
Goblet cells
70
What is the innate immune system?
Non-specific
First to come into play
Will mount the same response over and over again
71
Does the innate immune system produce immunological memory?
No
72
Does the adaptive immune system produce immunological memory?
Yes
73
Is the adaptive immunity specific?
Yes
74
What do B cells produce?
Plasma cells
75
Which cell is known as the professional phagocyte?
Macrophages
76
Describe phagocytosis
Macrophage encounters pathogen
Engulfs into cell in phagosome
Fuses with lysosome
Killing bacterium
77
What can a phagocytic cell become?
An antigen presenting cell
78
Where are macrophages found?
In the tissue
79
What do macrophages produce to signal other WBC?
Cytokines
80
What are the main cell to make up pus?
Neutrophils
81
What do eosinophil help combat?
Parasitic infection
82
What do mast cells release?
Histamine
83
Too much histamine casues what?
Harm to host
| Amphipathic shock
84
What is the function of a basophil?
Its function has never been proven
85
What non cell components does the innate immune system compose of?
Growth inhibitors
Enzyme inhibitors
Lysins
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS
86
How many complement proteins are there?
25
87
What does the complement system bridge a gap between?
Innate and adaptive immune system
88
What is the alternative and lectin complement pathway a mechanism of?
The innate immune system
89
What is the classical complement pathway a mechanism of?
The adaptive immune system
90
What is the main aim of the complement system?
To make holes in the pathogen
| Resulting in the loss of homeostasis
91
What is the end product in the 3 complement protein pathways?
C5
92
What does C5 combine with to do?
C6,7,8,9 to form a pore to punch into the cell
93
What is the central event of the 3 complement pathways?
The proteolysis of C3
94
Why does MAC not affect our cells?
We have proteins that prevent the hole puncher
95
How do viruses survive?
They use the hosts cell to reproduce and replicate
96
Are viruses living or non living?
Don't know
97
What do NK cells deal with specifically?
Virus infected cells
| Tumour infecte cells
98
Do NK cells have receptors?
Yes
99
How do NK cells work?
They secrete self destructive enzymes
| Or perform MAC
100
What are cytokines?
Signalling molecules
| used by cells to Communicate with one another
101
What does autocrine mean?
Signalling to self
102
What does paracrine mean?
Signalling to nearby cell
103
What does endocrine mean?
Signalling to distant cell
104
What would happen in the absence of inflammation?
Wounds and infections would never heal
105
What are the 2 classifications of inflammation?
Chronic
| Acute
106
What forms the basis of our vaccines?
Adaptive immunity
Secondary response
Immunological memory
107
What needs to happen for T cells to recognise an antigen?
It needs to be presented to them on an antigen presenting cell
108
What are activated quicker memory cells or naive cells?
Memory cells
109
What cell is responsible for Ab production?
Plasma cells
110
What do B cells mature into?
Plasma cells
111
What do B cells have on their surface?
An antibody
112
What does the Ab on the surface of B cells do?
Recognise the specific antigen
113
Who do B cells generally need help from?
T cells
114
Which is more important to tolerize B or T cells?
T cells
115
If T cells don not recognise our own antigens what does this prevent?
The B cells making Ab against our own antigens
116
If the B cell does not receive conformation from the T cells what happens?
It will undergo apoptosis
117
What is the Epitope?
The part of the antigen that the immune cell recognises
118
What are the 2 types of light chains in mammals?
Lambda and Kappa
119
What are the 5 types of Ab?
```
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
```
120
What defines the class of Ab?
Heavy chain
121
How many types of mammalian heavy chains are there?
5
122
Can the class of antibody be altered?
Yes - to better handle the pathogen it is fighting
123
What is the first Ab to be released?
IgM
124
Why is the IgM Ab the first to be released?
Because it has 10 binding sites - 5 of which are ready for immune response
125
Why are Ab flexible?
So they can bind to all antigens on the surface
126
Are all B cells T cell dependent?
No some are T cell dependent
| Some are T cell independent
127
Why is IgA found in the gut/
Because there is no way to secrete Ab from the plasma into the gut
128
What is the lymphatic system heavily involved in?
Immunity
129
Where do lymphatic vessels carry lymph?
Away from the tissues
130
what are the functions of the lymphatic system?
To drain tissue
| To absorb and transport fatty acids
131
What fluid does the lymph system carry?
Lymph
132
What is the smallest area of the lymph system\?
The lymph capillaries
133
What do the lymph capillaries merge to form?
Lymph vessels
134
What do lymph vessels merge to form?
Lymph trunks
135
Where do lymphatic vessels occur?
Practically everywhere that blood vessels occur
136
Why does leaked out fluid from the blood need to reenter the blood stream?
To prevent blood pressure from dropping
137
How is the lymphatic system carried back up to the heart?
By muscles
138
What does MCH I work with?
CD8+ cytotoxic cells
139
What does MCH II work with?
CD4+ helper cells
140
What is a primary lymphoid organ?
Places where blood cells are produced and receive their early training
141
Give examples of primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow
| Thymus
142
Where are T cells educated?
Thymus
143
What is a secondary lymphoid organ?
Where lymphocytes are activated
144
Where is erythropoietin mainly secreted?
By the peritubular capillary beds found in the kidneys
| Also the hepatocytes of the liver
145
Where do platelets not adhere to?
Healthy endothelium
146
What is meant by haematocrit?
The % of blood made up by RBC
147
What is larger WBC or RBC?
WBC
148
Give examples of secondary lymphoid organs?
Spleen
| Lymph nodes
149
The section of the antibody that binds to the antigen is known as the what?
Paratope
