Blood and lymph

Question 1

What does blood do?

Answer 1

4-6L Regulates pH, temp, water content Protects from blood loss, microbes and toxins. Transports O2, CO2, nutrients and hormone waste

Question 2

Composition of blood

Answer 2

55%plasma 45% formed elements Measured by PCV or hematocrit (37-45%F, 45-52%M)

Question 3

Plasma

Answer 3

90%water 7% Plasma proteins Albumins- transport, maintain osmotic pressure Globulins- antibodies, transport Fibrinogen - clotting

Question 4

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 4

Force of pushing plasma out of the capillaries into interstitial spaces. Created by BP

Question 5

Tissue fluid

Answer 5

Interstitial fluid bathes the cells. 85% gets sucked back into capillary by osmotic pressure. Remainder enters lymph vessels

Question 6

Lymph

Answer 6

interstitial fluid after enters lymph vessels. Similar to plasma but less proteins. Returns to heart via lymphatic system

Question 7

2 forces at the capillary

Answer 7

Hydrostatic pressure- pushing out Osmotic- pulls back in

Question 8

Serum

Answer 8

plasma with clotting proteins (fibrinogen) removed

Question 9

Erythrocytes

Answer 9

Red blood cells Carry O2 and CO2 1mL blood= 5 million biconcave shape occurs when nucleus lost before entering blood stream (short life) Max surface area for GE Flexibility allows for changing shape in fluctuating concentrations

Question 10

Leucocytes

Answer 10

White blood cells 1:1000 erythrocytes 2 groups= Granuolcytes and A-granulocytes

Question 11

Thrombocytes

Answer 11

Platelets, hemostasis (clotting)

Question 12

Formed elements (white, red blood and platelets) are made in…

Answer 12

Red bone marrow and lymphoid tissue by hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Question 13

Stages of Hemopoiesis

Answer 13

Stem cell- Committed cells- Precursor cells- formed elements

Question 14

EPO

Answer 14

Injections of erthropoietin to supplement that from kidney. Promotes greater than normal erythrocyte production.

Question 15

Erythrocyte composition

Answer 15

cell membrane surrounding red pigment (hemoglobin) 4 heme groups and 4 globins 250-280 mill Hbs in each erythrocyte each hb has 4 iron molecules to carry O2 (each red blood cell carries a billion O2 molecules)

Question 16

Haemoglobin

Answer 16

iron (Fe) forms part of heme, carries O2 when attached= oxyhemoglobin if each Hb carries 4 O2= 100% saturated CO2 is carried by protein part globin Hb does not have to unload O2 before collecting CO2

Question 17

erythrocyte life cycle

Answer 17

Bone marrow to Spleen, liver or bone marrow. 120 days life hydrosliding around circulation

Question 18

Blood groups depend on

Answer 18

erythrocyte cell membrane markers (agglutiongens/antigens) (A and B)

Question 19

Blood groups

Answer 19

Plasma contains antibodies (globulins)(agglutinins). Theses members of immune system attach to cell markers you DON’T have. WHen incompatible blood types mix, agglutination(clumping) occurs

Question 20

Antibodies

Answer 20

specialized proteins that defend against foreign substances in the body. They are produced by white blood cells known as B cells

Question 21

Antigen

Answer 21

Antigens are “coats” that germ wear that are recognised by the immune system. When the immune system (WBC) recognises the antigen it produces a protein called an antibody that attaches to the antigen and thus destroys it

Question 22

Granulocytes

Answer 22

Leucocytes= Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Question 23

A-granulocytes

Answer 23

Leucocytes= Lymphocytes Monocytes

Question 24

Neutrophils

Answer 24

Polymorpic macrophages 60-70% phagocytes live 4-5 days

Question 25

Eosinophils

Answer 25

2-4%, phagoctose antigen-antibosy complexes, release enzymes which assist in destroying parasites

Question 26

Basophils

Answer 26

Less than 1.5%, secrete histamine (causes vasodilation) and heparin (anticoagulant)

Question 27

Lymphoctes

Answer 27

25-33%, specific immunity 2 types= T cells which destroy infected cells, B cells which release antibodies

Question 28

Monocytes

Answer 28

3-8%, leave vessels to become Macrophages, phagocytes or antigen presenting cells

Question 29

Different white blood cells

Question 30

Action of Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 30

1. phagocytosis of antigen 2. Lysosome fuses with phagosome 3. Antigen and enzyme mix in phagolysosome 4. Antigen is degraded 5. Antigen fragments displayed on macrophage surface 6. Antigen residue voided by exocytosis

Question 31

Phases of hemostasis (clotting)

Answer 31

1. vascular spasm, damaged vessel constricts to slow blood flow, collagen in vessle walls attract platelets 2. Platlet formation 3. Coagulation, requires 13 different factors. In final step fibrinogen changes into fibrin threads which glue platelets together 4. Clot retraction (of fibrin threads) and repair.