Respiratory System

Question 0

The four sinuses

Answer 0

Sphenoid. Frontal. Ethmoid and maxillary.

Question 1

Nose/nasal cavity does what?

Answer 1

Conchae directs air thru meatus as air warms and moistens with mucus and superficial capillaries. Hair filters

Question 2

Pharynx

Answer 2

Passage for air and food. Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 3

3 tonsils

Answer 3

Palatine. Sublingual and pharyngeal

Question 4

Larynx

Answer 4

Voice box = glottis contains vocal cords.

Epiglottis closes of trachea

Question 5

2 types of vocal cord

Answer 5

True = vocal folds
False = vestibular folds

Question 6

Trachea does

Answer 6

Windpipe with cartilage rings

Muco-ciliary escalator traps and loves debris up trachea for swallowing

Question 7

Bronchi branch off ? Into ?

Answer 7

Branch off trachea into primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi, terminal and respiratory bronchioles.

Question 8

Alveoli

Answer 8

Join to form alveoli sacs its of GE. simple squamous epithelium on basement membrane.
Contain septal cells make surface macrophages to keep surfaces clean. GE occurs through respiratory epithelium (alveolar-capillary epithelium

Question 9

Lungs pleural covers

Answer 9

Visceral pleura covers lungs. Parietal pleura covers inside of thoracic cavity.

Pleural cavity between has negative pressure to keep lungs from collapsing.

Question 10

4 types of respiration

Answer 10

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration.

Question 11

Pulmonary ventilation steps

Answer 11

Inspiration.
Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out.
Parietal pleura moves out.
Intra plural pressure becomes more negative (lungs widen)
Lungs are sucked open.
Tidal volume = 500mL
Total lung capacity = 5.9L m 4.4L f

Question 12

Alveolar ventilation

Answer 12

Is amount of air entering alveoli per breath = 350mL

150mL can’t be used (dead space)

Question 13

How to calculate amount of oxygen reaching brain

Answer 13

b/min x (depth of breathing - dead space)
EXAMPLE
Alex is breathing at 12b/min at a normal depth of breathing 500mL.
12x (500-150) = 4200mL

Question 14

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 14

Expiration. Inspiratory muscles relax and air is pushed out. No muscle work involved

Question 15

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

Answer 15

760mmHg

Question 16

Air inspired is composed of

Answer 16

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
0.1% argon
0.04% carbon dioxide

Question 17

Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs in 3 ways

Answer 17

8% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
70% carried as bicarbonate ions in plasma

Question 18

Control of respiration by

Answer 18

Medulla = rhythm centre
Pons = pneumotaxuc and apneustic centre

Question 19

Pons alter rate and depth of breathing depending on

Answer 19

Chemoreceptor stimulation. Rate can be changed by pain, emotion, temp, BP, joint movement prior to exercise.

Question 20

Chemoreceptors

Answer 20

Arterial/peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by hypoxia (PO2 of 60mmHg or less), increasing PCO2 (hypercapnia) and decreasing pH.

Chemoreceptors in medulla are stimulated by small increases in PCO2.

Question 21

Increase in PCO2 from 40mmHg to 45mmHg will ? Breathing rate

Answer 21

Double

Question 22

PO2 is

Answer 22

Oxygen entering nose. 
EXAMPLE 
atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg
22% oxygen. 
PO2= 160mmHg

Question 23

PO2 and PCO2 at alveolus

Answer 23

PO2 dilutes to 104mmHg

PCO2 rises to 40mmHg

Question 24

PO2 and PCO2 at capillaries

Answer 24

PO2 drops to 40mmHg | PCO2 rises to 46mmHg

Question 25

% of O2 bound to haemoglobin in blood

Answer 25

98. 5 to become oxyhaemoglobin | 1. 5% oxygen dissolves in plasma

Question 26

What does oxygen on Hb do at cells (and carbon dioxide in cell)

Answer 26

Leaves and diffuses into cell because of a lower pressure gradient on cell PO2 in blood 95mmHg In tissue 40mmHg Carbon dioxide leaves cell PCO2 in tissue fluid 46mmHg In blood 40mmHg

Question 27

Voluntary control of respiration is from

Answer 27

Cerebral cortex nerves to diaphragm and thoracic muscles (respiratory centres in medulla and pons over ride this?