blood and organs

Question 1

main components of blood

Answer 1

plasma
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells

Question 2

what is plasma

Answer 2

liquid which carries everything that needs transporting around your body

Question 3

what six things does plasma carry

Answer 3

blood cells
digested food products
carbon dioxide
urea
hormones
heat energy

Question 4

what are platelets

Answer 4

platelets clot the blood in a wound, held together by a mesh of fibrin

Question 5

what do red blood cells do

Answer 5

transport oxygen from the lungs to all cells

Question 6

what adaptations do the red blood cells have

Answer 6

biconcave cell
no nucleus
contain haemoglobin
thin membrane

Question 7

how does haemoglobin aid red blood cells

Answer 7

in the lungs haemoglobin reacts with oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin, in body tissue the reverse happens to release oxygen into the cells

Question 8

how do pathogens cause disease

Answer 8

once entered the body they reproduce rapidly

Question 9

2 types of white blood cells

Answer 9

phagocytes
lymphocytes

Question 10

how do phagocytes kill pathogens

Answer 10

engulf and digest pathogens
they are non-specific so they attack anything foreign

Question 11

how do lymphocytes kill pathogens

Answer 11

lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodies, they lock onto the pathogen and mark them for destruction

Question 12

what are memory cells

Answer 12

produced in response to a foreign antigen, remain in the body and remember a specific antigen, building immunity

Question 13

how do vaccines protect from future infection

Answer 13

injects dead pathogens into the body, carrying antigens, these trigger an antibody attack from lymphocytes. the memory cells ensure that if they appear again, the antibodies will kill them

Question 14

3 different types of blood vessels

Answer 14

arteries
capillaries
veins

Question 15

what is the function of arteries

Answer 15

carry the blood away from the heart

Question 16

what is the function of capillaries

Answer 16

involved in exchange of materials at the tissue

Question 17

what is the function of veins

Answer 17

carry blood to the heart

Question 18

why are artery walls strong and elastic

Answer 18

heart pumps blood at high pressure

Question 19

features of arteries

Answer 19

thick, strong elastic walls with elastic fibres allowing the arteries to expand

Question 20

features of capillaries

Answer 20

walls only one cell thick
permeable walls
microscopic

Question 21

why are capillary walls permeable

Answer 21

so that substances can diffuse in and out such as food, oxygen and CO2

Question 22

why are the walls only one cell thick

Answer 22

increases rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs

Question 23

features of veins

Answer 23

thinner walls than arteries
bigger lumen
valves

Question 24

why do veins have thinner walls than arteries

Answer 24

blood is at lower pressure

Question 25

why do veins have a bigger lumen

Answer 25

helps the blood flow

Question 26

why do veins have valves

Answer 26

to keep the blood flowing in the right direction

Question 27

what occurs in the right atrium

Answer 27

receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava

Question 28

what occurs in the right ventricle

Answer 28

pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

Question 29

what occurs in the left atrium

Answer 29

receives oxygenated blood fro, the lungs through the pulmonary vein

Question 30

what occurs in the left ventricle

Answer 30

pumps oxygenated blood around the whole body via the aorta

Question 31

what is the difference between the left ventricle and right ventricle

Answer 31

the left has a much thicker wall than the right as it requires more muscle to pump the blood all the way around the body

Question 32

which vein carries blood to the right atrium

Answer 32

vena cava

Question 33

which artery carries blood to the lungs

Answer 33

pulmonary artery

Question 34

which vein carries blood into the left atrium

Answer 34

pulmonary vein

Question 35

which artery carries blood to the whole body

Answer 35

aorta

Question 36

what is the valve between the right atrium and ventricle called

Answer 36

tricuspid valve

Question 37

what is the valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary vein called

Answer 37

semi-lunar valave

Question 38

what is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle called

Answer 38

bicuspid valve

Question 39

what is the vein between the left ventricle and aorta called

Answer 39

semi-lunar valve

Question 40

why does heart rate increase with exercise

Answer 40

when you exercise your muscles need more energy so you respire more

Question 41

how does your heart rate increase with exercise

Answer 41

increased amount of CO2 in the blood detected by receptors in aorta and carotid artery. these send signals to the brain's which sends a signal to the heart causing it to contact more frequently and with more force

Question 42

how does the hormonal system control heart rate

Answer 42

adrenal glands release adrenaline. adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart causing the muscle to contract more frequently and with more force

Question 43

what does pulmonary mean

Answer 43

lungs

Question 44

what does hepatic mean

Answer 44

liver

Question 45

what does renal mean

Answer 45

kidneys

Question 46

what is coronary heart disease

Answer 46

when the coronary arteries that supple the blood to the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material build up

Question 47

what does coronary heart disease lead to

Answer 47

heart attack, the arteries become narrow restricting the blood flow to the heart

Question 48

3 risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 48

diet high in saturated fats smoking inactivity

Question 49

why does a diet high in saturated fats lead to heart disease

Answer 49

fatty deposit aside the arteries

Question 50

why is smoking a risk factor for heart disease

Answer 50

increases blood pressure, causing damage to the inside of arteries. chemicals in cigarettes increase the likelihood of fatty deposit forming

Question 51

why does inactivity lead to heart disease

Answer 51

leads to high blood pressure, damaging the lining of the arteries

Question 52

what 3 main roles do the kidneys have

Answer 52

removal of urea from the blood adjustment of ion levels adjustment of water content

Question 53

how do the kidneys carry out their functions (basic)

Answer 53

filtering things out of the blood under high pressure then reabsorbing the useful things

Question 54

what occurs in nephrons

Answer 54

ultrafiltration reabsorption

Question 55

how does ultrafiltration occur

Answer 55

- blood from the renal artery flows through the glomerulus - a high pressure squeezes water, urea, ions and glucose out of the blood and into the bowman's capsule

Question 56

what is the glomerulus

Answer 56

a bundle of capillaries at the start of the nephron

Question 57

why are proteins not filtered out of the blood during ultrafiltration

Answer 57

the membrane between glomerulus and bowman's capsule are partially permeable, meaning that big molecules stay in the blood

Question 58

what is reabsorption

Answer 58

useful substances are selectively reabsorbed back into the blood

Question 59

how does reabsorption occur

Answer 59

- all the glucose is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule to be used in respiration, uses active transport - sufficient ions are reabsorbed - sufficient water is reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the bloodstream by osmosis

Question 60

where is glucose reabsorbed

Answer 60

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 61

where is water reabsorbed

Answer 61

the collecting duct by osmosis

Question 62

what is the regulation of water called

Answer 62

osmoregulation

Question 63

what 3 ways is water lost from the body

Answer 63

urine sweat breathing

Question 64

how does osmoregulation occur in the kidneys

Answer 64

the kidneys reabsorb more water if the person is dehydrated

Question 65

what hormone controls water reabsorption

Answer 65

anti diuretic hormone

Question 66

how does ADH control water reabsorption

Answer 66

makes the collecting ducts of the collecting ducts more permeable so more water can be reabsorbed into the blood

Question 67

where is ADH released from

Answer 67

pituitary gland

Question 68

when is more ADH released

Answer 68

dehydration

Question 69

when is less ADH released

Answer 69

water gain/ over hydration