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Biology > coordination and respone > Flashcards

coordination and respone Flashcards

1
Q

what is a stimulus

A

any change in the internal or external environment

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2
Q

what are receptors

A

receptors detect stimuli, receptors in the sense organs are a group of cells that detect external stimuli

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3
Q

what are effectors

A

effectors are cells that bring about a response to a stimuli, include muscle cells and cells found in glands

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4
Q

how do receptors communicate with effectors

A

via the nervous system or hormonal system

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5
Q

3 type sof neurone

A

sensory
relay
motor

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6
Q

what happens when receptors detect a stimulus

A

they send electrical impulses along sensory neurones to the CNS, the CNS then sends electrical impulses to an effector along a motor neurone, the effector then responds accordingly

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7
Q

why is the CNS able to bring about very rapid responses

A

neurones transit information using high speed electrical impulses

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8
Q

what is the connection between 2 neurones called

A

synapse

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9
Q

how is the nerve signal transferred across a synapse

A

neurotransmitters diffuse across the gap, setting off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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10
Q

what is the purpose of reflexes

A

to prevent injury

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11
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

the route taken by the information in a reflex from receptor to effector

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12
Q

explain the reflex arc of touching a hot object

A

stimulus (hot object) is detected by receptors, sending an impulse along a sensory neurone to the CNS
the sensory neurone passes on the message to a relay neurone which relays the impulse to a motor neurone
impulse travels along the motor neurone to the effector (muscle)
the muscle (effector) then contracts and moves your hand away from the object

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13
Q

block diagram for reflex arc

A

stimulus
receptor
sensory neurone
CNS
motor neurone
effector
response

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14
Q

what is the conjunctiva

A

lubricates and protects the surface of the eye

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15
Q

what is the sclera

A

tough outer layer that protects the eye

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16
Q

what is the cornea

A

refracts light into the eye

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17
Q

what is the iris

A

controls the diameter of the pupil

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18
Q

what is the lens

A

focuses light onto the retina

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19
Q

what is the retina

A

light-sensitive part, covered in light receptors called cones and rods

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20
Q

what do rods receive

A

light

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21
Q

what do cones receive

A

colour

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22
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

carries impulses from the receptors to the brain

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23
Q

what happens to the iris in bright light

A

circular muscle contracts to make the pupil smaller

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24
Q

what happens to the iris in dim light

A

radial muscles contract making the pupil bigger

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25
Q

what is accommodation

A

focusing light onto the retina by changing the shape of the lens

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26
Q

what happens when the eye looks at distant objects

A

ciliary muscles relax
suspensory ligaments contract
lens goes thin
light is refracted by a smaller amount

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27
Q

what happens when the eye looks at distant objects

A

ciliary muscles contract
suspensory ligaments slacken
lens goes more curved
light is refracted by a greater amount

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28
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers sent in the blood

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29
Q

hormone properties

A

travel slowly and have long lasting effects

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30
Q

source of adrenaline

A

adrenal glands

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31
Q

source of insulin

A

pancreas

32
Q

source of testosterone

A

testes

33
Q

source of progesterone

A

ovaries

34
Q

source of oestrogen

A

ovaries

35
Q

source of ADH

A

pituitary gland

36
Q

source of FSH

A

pituitary gland

37
Q

source of LH

A

pituitary gland

38
Q

roles of adrenaline

A

readies body for fight or flight response

39
Q

role of insulin

A

helps control the blood sugar level

40
Q

role of testosterone

A

main male sex hormone

41
Q

role of progesterone

A

supports pregnancy

42
Q

role of oestrogen

A

man female sex hormone

43
Q

role of ADH

A

controls water content

44
Q

role of FSH

A

female sex hormone

45
Q

role of LH

A

female sex hormone

46
Q

effects of adrenaline

A

increases heart rate, blood flow to muscles and blood sugar level

47
Q

effects of insulin

A

stimulates the liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage

48
Q

effects of testosterone

A

promotes male secondary sexual characteristics

49
Q

effects of progesterone

A

maintains lining of the uterus

50
Q

effects of oestrogen

A

controls menstrual cycle and promotes female secondary sexual characteristics

51
Q

effects of ADH

A

increases permeability of collecting duct in nephrons

52
Q

effects of FSH

A

causes an egg to mature in an ovary, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

53
Q

effects of LH

A

stimulates the release of an egg from an ovary

54
Q

differences between nerves and hormones

A

nerves = fast, short time, precise area
hormones = slow, long time, general way

55
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant internal environment

56
Q

what conditions does homeostasis keep balanced

A

water content
body temperature

57
Q

what is the ideal body temperature

A

37 degrees

58
Q

why do you sweat when hot

A

sweat evaporates from the skin’s surface transfers energy from your skin to the environment

59
Q

what is vasodilation

A

blood vessels close to the surface widen, allowing more blood to flow near to the surface transferring energy to the surroundings

60
Q

what happens to hairs when your hot

A

hairs lie flat

61
Q

what is vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels near to the surface of the skin constrict meaning less blood flows near the surface so less energy is transferred to the surroundings

62
Q

why do you shiver when cold

A

increases rate of respiration, transferring more energy to warm the body

63
Q

what happens to hairs when you are cold

A

hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air helping to keep you warm

64
Q

why do smaller organisms lose or gain body heart easily

A

they ahem a bigger surface area to volume ratio

65
Q

what is auxin

A

plant hormones which control growth at the tips of shoots and roots

66
Q

what is the difference between auxin in shoots and in roots

A

auxin promotes growth in shoots and inhibits growth in the roots

67
Q

shoot phototropism

A

positively phototrophic (grow towards the light)

68
Q

how does auxin make shoots grow towards the light

A

shoot tip accumulates more auxin on the shaded side, making the cells grow faster on the shaded side causing it to bend towards the light

69
Q

shoot geotropism

A

negatively geotropic (grow away from gravity)

70
Q

how does auxin make a shoot grow away from gravity

A

when a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin in the tip with more auxin on the lower side. this causes the lower side to grow faster bending the shoot upwards

71
Q

roots geotropism

A

positively geotropic, grow towards gravity

72
Q

why does auxin make roots grow towards gravity

A

more auxin on the lower side, it inhibits growth, meaning the cells on top elongate faster bending the root downwards

73
Q

roots phototropism

A

negatively phototrophic, grow away from light

74
Q

why does auxin make roots grow away from light

A

more auxin on the shaded side, inhibiting cell elongation and bending the root downwards.

75
Q

why do underground roots grow downwards

A

positive geotropism, as they are not exposed to the light

Biology (9 decks)

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