Blood And Organs Flashcards
(34 cards)
1
Q
What are the Blood main components?
A
- Plasma
- Platelets
- Red Blood Cells
- White Blood Cells
2
Q
What does Plasma transport and carry around the body?
A
- Red and White Blood Cells, Platelets
- Digested food products (glucose) from gut to body cells
- Carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
- Urea from liver to kidneys
- Hormones - chemical messengers
- Heat energy
3
Q
How do Platelets help blood clot?
A
- They clump together to plug the damaged area - blood clotting
- Stop you losing blood and prevent microorganisms entering wound
- Held together by fibrin
4
Q
What is the structure of a Red Blood Cell and what does it transport?
A
- Small and Biconcave shape to give large SA for absorbing and releasing oxygen
- Don’t have nucleus so can carry more oxygen
- Transport oxygen from lungs to all cells in body
5
Q
What are Pathogens?
A
- Microorganisms that cause disease(bacteria/viruses)
* They enter your body and reproduce rapidly unless destroyed
6
Q
What are the types of White Blood Cells?
A
- Phagocytes
* Lymphocytes
7
Q
How do Phagocytes ingest Pathogens?
A
- Detect things that are foreign to body (pathogens)
* They engulf pathogens and digest them
8
Q
How do Lymphocytes produce Antibodies?
A
- When come across foreign antigen they produce antibodies (protein)
- They lock on to invading pathogen and mark them out for destruction by other WBCs
- Antibodies produces rapidly and flow round body to mark all similar pathogens
9
Q
How do Vaccinations protect you from future infections?
A
- Vaccination is injecting dead pathogen into body, these carry antigens, they trigger immune response, lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them
- Memory Cells will be produced also and remain in blood, so if live pathogens of same type appear, the antibodies to kill them are produced much faster and bigger
10
Q
What are the types of Blood Vessel?
A
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
11
Q
What is the function of the Arteries?
A
Carry blood away from the heart
12
Q
What is the function of the Capillaries?
A
- Carry blood close to every cell to exchange substances with them
- Supply food and oxygen, take away wastes (Carbon dioxide)
13
Q
What is the function of the Veins?
A
Carry blood to the heart
14
Q
What is the structure of a Artery?
A
- Strong and elastic walls - heart pumps blood out at high pressure
- Elastic fibres allow arteries to expand
- Thick walls compared to lumen, Contain think layers of muscle to make them strong
- Largest artery = Aorta
15
Q
What is the structure of Capillaries?
A
- Really tiny
- Permeable walls - substances can diffuse in and out
- Walls only one cell thick - increases rate of diffusion by decreasing over which it happens
16
Q
What is the structure of Veins?
A
- Not thick walls - blood at lower pressure
- Big lumen - help blood flow despite lower pressure
- Valves - help keep blood flowing in right direction
- Largest Vein = vena cava
17
Q
How does exercise increase heart rate?
A
- Exercise increases amount of carbon dioxide in blood
- High levels of blood CO2, detected by receptors in aorta and artery
- These receptors send signals to brain
- Brain sends signals to heart, causing it to contract more frequently with more force
18
Q
How does the Hormonal System help control heart rate?
A
- When organism threatened, the adrenal glands release adrenaline
- Adrenaline binds to receptors in heart, causes cardiac muscle to contract more frequently with more force and heart pumps more blood
- This increases oxygen supply to tissues
19
Q
How is blood pumped around body from Heart?
A
- Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body
- Moves to right ventricle which pumps it to lungs via pulmonary vein
- Left atrium recieves oxygenated blood from lungs
- Oxygenated blood moves to left ventricle which pumps it round whole body via aorta
- Left ventricle much thicker wall than right ventricle, needs more muscle to pump blood round body, right ventricle only needs to pump to lungs
- Valves prevent back flow of blood
20
Q
What is Pulmonary to do with?
A
The lungs
21
Q
What is Hepatic to do with?
A
The liver
22
Q
What is Renal to do with?
A
The kidneys
23
Q
What is Coronary Heart Disease?
A
- Coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscle of heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up
- Cause arteries to be narrow, blood flow restricted and lack of oxygen to heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack
24
Q
What are the factors that can lead to Coronary Heart Disease?
A
- Having diet high in saturated fat - fatty deposits forming inside arteries
- Smoking - increases blood pressure, damage inside of coronary arteries
- Inactiveness - high blood pressure, damages lining of arteries, fatty deposits form
25
What are the main roles of the Kidneys?
* Removal of urea from blood
* Adjustment of ion levels in blood
* Adjustment of water content of blood
26
Where and how is Urea produced?
* In liver
| * From excess amino acids
27
What is Ultrafiltration?
* Blood from renal artery flows through glomerulus
* High pressure built up which squeezes water, urea, ions, glucose out of blood into Bowman’s Capsule
* Membranes between blood vessels act like filters , big molecules (proteins,blood cells) not squeezed out, stay in blood
28
What substances are Reabsorbed into blood as filtrate flows along nephron?
* Glucose from proximal convoluted tubule so can be used in Respiration, involves active transport against concentration gradient
* Sufficient ions
* Sufficient water from collecting duct into bloodstream by osmosis
29
How is water lost from the body?
* Sweating
* Breathing
* Peeing
30
What is Osmoregulation?
The balance of water coming in against the water going out
31
How do the kidneys adjust the body’s water content?
* Adjust amount of water that’s excreted by kidneys in urine
| * When kidneys reabsorb more water, urine has smaller volume and is more concentrated
32
How does ADH help control water content?
* ADH makes collecting ducts of nephrons more permeable so more water is reabsorbed back into the blood
* Brain monitors the water content of blood and instructs pituitary gland to release ADH into blood
* If water content is not right then mechanism triggered to bring to back to normal
33
If water content too low how do you get water content normal?
* Brain detects water loss
* Pituitary gland releases more ADH
* ADH makes kidney reabsorb more water
* Now hydrated
34
If water content too high how do you get water content normal?
* Brain detects water gain
* Pituitary gland releases less ADH
* Less ADH means kidney reabsorbs less water
* Now hydrated
