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Coordination And Response Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

How do Plants increase their chances of survival?

A

Responding to changes in environment

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2
Q

How do Animals increase their chances of survival?

A
  • Responding to changes in their external environment - Avoiding places that are too hot or too cold
  • Responding to changes in their internal environment so conditions are always right for their metabolism - chemical reactions inside of them
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3
Q

What are Receptors?

A
  • Detect stimuli

* In sense organs (eye, ears, nose, tongue, skin), groups of cells that detect external stimuli

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4
Q

What are Effectors?

A
  • Cells that bring about a response to stimuli
  • E.g. muscle cells and cells found in glands (pancreas)
  • Muscles contract, glands secrete hormones
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5
Q

What is the Nervous System function and what is it made up of?

A
  • Send signals throughout body
  • Sensory neurone
  • Relay neurone
  • Motor neurone
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6
Q

What organs make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A
  • Brain

* Spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the function of the Motor Neurone?

A

Transmit impulses to muscles and glands

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8
Q

What is the function of the Sensory Neurone?

A

Transmit impulses from sensory organs to CNS

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9
Q

What is the function of the Relay Neurone?

A

Relays messages to the sensory or motor neurones

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10
Q

What are Reflex arcs and why are they important?

A
  • Route taken by information in a reflex (receptor to effector)
  • Helps prevent injury - reflexes are automatic responses to certain stimuli
  • E.g. If you get a shock, your body releases adrenaline automatically
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11
Q

What is the job of the Central Nervous System?

A
  • Coordinate response - need stimulus, receptor, effector

* Because, Neurone transmit info using high speed electrical impulses

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12
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

Connection between two neurones

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13
Q

How does the synapses connect neurones?

A
  • Nerve signal transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap
  • These chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next Neurone
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14
Q

What happens in the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory Neurone - CNS - Relay Neurone - Motor Neurone - Effector - Response

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15
Q

What is the function of the Cornea in the eye?

A

Refracts light entering the eye

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16
Q

What is the function of the Iris in the eye?

A

Controls amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of pupil

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17
Q

What is the function of the Lens in the eye?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

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18
Q

What is the function of the Optic Nerve in the eye?

A

Nerve that transmits electrical impulses from retina to brain

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19
Q

What is the function of the Pupil in the eye?

A

Changes size as amount of light changes (more light = small hole)

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20
Q

What is the function of the Retina in the eye?

A

Convert light rays into electrical impulses, related onto brain by optic nerve

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21
Q

What is the function of the Vitreous in the eye?

A

Gives the eye it’s form and shape

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22
Q

What is the function of the Suspensory Ligament in the eye?

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A

Holds the lens in place and focuses on images

23
Q

What is the function of the Ciliary Muscle in the eye?

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A

Changing the shape of lens, focus on different images (accommodation)

24
Q

How do we focus on Distant objects?

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A
  • Light needs to be refracted less
  • Ciliary muscles relax (smaller)
  • Ligaments are tight
  • Lens is pulled long and thin (hence less refraction)
  • Eyeball becomes spherical
25
How do we focus on Near objects?
* Light needs to be refracted more * Ciliary muscles contract(larger) * Ligaments relax * Lens becomes short and fat (allowing more refraction) * Eyeball bulges forward
26
How do we adjust for Bright Light?
* Smaller pupil, allows less light in | * Circular muscles in iris contract
27
How do we adjust for Dim light?
* Bigger pupils | * Radial muscles contract
28
How are people Short Sighted?
* Can’t focus on distant objects * Cornea or Lens bends light too much * Images brought into focus in front of the retina
29
How are people Long Sighted?
* Can’t focus on near objects * Cornea or Lens doesn’t bend light enough * Images brought into focus behind the retina
30
What are Hormones and where are they transferred?
* Chemical messengers in the blood * Carried in blood plasma to other in body, target specific cells * They control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment
31
What are the different types of Hormones?
* Adrenaline * Insulin * Testosterone * Progesterone * Oestrogen * ADH * FSH * LH
32
What is the Source, Role, Effect of Adrenaline?
* Adrenal glands * Readies body for ‘fight or flight’ * Increases Heart rate, blood flow to muscles, blood sugar level
33
What is the Source, Role, Effect of Insulin?
* Pancreas * Control blood sugar levels * Stimulates liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage
34
What is the Source, Role, Effect of Testosterone?
* Testes * Male sex hormone * Promotes secondary sexual characteristics (facial hair)
35
What is the Source, Role, Effect of Oestrogen?
* Ovaries * Main female sex hormone * Control menstrual cycle and promotes secondary sexual characteristic (widening of hips)
36
What is the Source, Role, Effect of Progesterone?
* Ovaries * Supports pregnancy * Maintains lining of the uterus
37
What is the Source, Role, Effect of ADH?
* Pituitary gland (brain) * Controls water content * Increase permeability of kidney tubules to water
38
What is the Source, Role, Effect of FSH?
* Pituitary gland * Female sex hormone * Causes egg to mature in ovary, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
39
What is the Source, Role, Effect of LH?
* Pituitary gland * Female sex hormone * Stimulates the release of egg from ovary
40
What is the difference between Nerves and Hormones?
* Nerves = fast messages, act for short time, act on precise area * Hormones = slow messages, act for long time, act in general area
41
Define Homeostasis and give an example:
Maintenance of a constant internal environment | •E.g. water content, body temperature
42
How is Water lost from the body?
* Through skin as sweat * Via the lungs in breath * Via kidneys as urine
43
On a Hot Day how is urine content and sweat affected?
* Sweat a lot * Produce less urine, more concentrated, deep colour * Lose more water through breath
44
On a Cold Day how is the urine content and sweat affected?
* Don’t sweat much | * Produce more urine, less concentrated and more diluted, so pale colour
45
What is the temperature your body tried to maintain?
* 37 Degrees Celsius | * Because, enzymes work best at this temperature
46
How does your body maintain constant temperature of your body?
* Brain receives messages from temperature receptors in the skin that provide info about skin temperature * CNS activates necessary effectors to make sure body temperature stays constant
47
What does your skin do when it’s too Hot?
* Sweat - when evaporates it transfer energy from skin to environment - cools you down * Vasodilation - blood vessels near surface of skin widen, allow more to blood to flow near surface so transfer energy into surroundings - cools you down * Hairs lie flat
48
What does your skin do when it’s too Cold?
* Little sweat produced * Vasoconstriction- blood vessels near surface of skin constrict, less energy transferred to surroundings * Shiver - increases rate of respiration, transfer energy to warm the body * Erect Hairs - trap an insulating layer of air - keeps you warm
49
How can Smaller Organisms cool down quicker?
* Bigger SA to volume ratio * Gain/lose heat faster because more area for heat to transfer across * Small organisms lose body heat easily
50
How do Plants increase their chance of survival?
* Sense direction of light and grow to maximise light absorption for photosynthesis * Roots and shoots grow in right direction
51
What are Auxins and what is it’s function?
* Plant Hormones * Control growth at tips of shoots and roots * Produced In tips and diffuse backwards to stimulate cell elongation process * Involved In growth responses of plants to light (phototropism) and gravity (geotropism)
52
What is Geotropism?
* Allows Plants to correctly orient themselves for growth * Roots exhibit positive geotropism and grow towards earth * Shoot shows negative geotropism by growing away from earth
53
What is Phototropism?
•Occurs when plant moves towards or away from sunlight
54
How does position of light on plant affect auxin on plant?
* Shoot directly under light = auxin spreads down sides of plant * Light from one side = auxin collects on shady side causing cells on that side to elongate - lopsided elongation produces a bend in plant stem

Biology (9 decks)

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