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Biology > Coordination And Response > Flashcards

Coordination And Response Flashcards

1
Q

How do Plants increase their chances of survival?

A

Responding to changes in environment

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2
Q

How do Animals increase their chances of survival?

A
  • Responding to changes in their external environment - Avoiding places that are too hot or too cold
  • Responding to changes in their internal environment so conditions are always right for their metabolism - chemical reactions inside of them
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3
Q

What are Receptors?

A
  • Detect stimuli

* In sense organs (eye, ears, nose, tongue, skin), groups of cells that detect external stimuli

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4
Q

What are Effectors?

A
  • Cells that bring about a response to stimuli
  • E.g. muscle cells and cells found in glands (pancreas)
  • Muscles contract, glands secrete hormones
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5
Q

What is the Nervous System function and what is it made up of?

A
  • Send signals throughout body
  • Sensory neurone
  • Relay neurone
  • Motor neurone
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6
Q

What organs make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A
  • Brain

* Spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the function of the Motor Neurone?

A

Transmit impulses to muscles and glands

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8
Q

What is the function of the Sensory Neurone?

A

Transmit impulses from sensory organs to CNS

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9
Q

What is the function of the Relay Neurone?

A

Relays messages to the sensory or motor neurones

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10
Q

What are Reflex arcs and why are they important?

A
  • Route taken by information in a reflex (receptor to effector)
  • Helps prevent injury - reflexes are automatic responses to certain stimuli
  • E.g. If you get a shock, your body releases adrenaline automatically
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11
Q

What is the job of the Central Nervous System?

A
  • Coordinate response - need stimulus, receptor, effector

* Because, Neurone transmit info using high speed electrical impulses

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12
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

Connection between two neurones

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13
Q

How does the synapses connect neurones?

A
  • Nerve signal transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters which diffuse across the gap
  • These chemicals set off a new electrical signal in the next Neurone
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14
Q

What happens in the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory Neurone - CNS - Relay Neurone - Motor Neurone - Effector - Response

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15
Q

What is the function of the Cornea in the eye?

A

Refracts light entering the eye

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16
Q

What is the function of the Iris in the eye?

A

Controls amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of pupil

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17
Q

What is the function of the Lens in the eye?

A

Focuses light onto the retina

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18
Q

What is the function of the Optic Nerve in the eye?

A

Nerve that transmits electrical impulses from retina to brain

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19
Q

What is the function of the Pupil in the eye?

A

Changes size as amount of light changes (more light = small hole)

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20
Q

What is the function of the Retina in the eye?

A

Convert light rays into electrical impulses, related onto brain by optic nerve

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21
Q

What is the function of the Vitreous in the eye?

A

Gives the eye it’s form and shape

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22
Q

What is the function of the Suspensory Ligament in the eye?

A

Holds the lens in place and focuses on images

23
Q

What is the function of the Ciliary Muscle in the eye?

A

Changing the shape of lens, focus on different images (accommodation)

24
Q

How do we focus on Distant objects?

A
  • Light needs to be refracted less
  • Ciliary muscles relax (smaller)
  • Ligaments are tight
  • Lens is pulled long and thin (hence less refraction)
  • Eyeball becomes spherical
25
Q

How do we focus on Near objects?

A
  • Light needs to be refracted more
  • Ciliary muscles contract(larger)
  • Ligaments relax
  • Lens becomes short and fat (allowing more refraction)
  • Eyeball bulges forward
26
Q

How do we adjust for Bright Light?

A
  • Smaller pupil, allows less light in

* Circular muscles in iris contract

27
Q

How do we adjust for Dim light?

A
  • Bigger pupils

* Radial muscles contract

28
Q

How are people Short Sighted?

A
  • Can’t focus on distant objects
  • Cornea or Lens bends light too much
  • Images brought into focus in front of the retina
29
Q

How are people Long Sighted?

A
  • Can’t focus on near objects
  • Cornea or Lens doesn’t bend light enough
  • Images brought into focus behind the retina
30
Q

What are Hormones and where are they transferred?

A
  • Chemical messengers in the blood
  • Carried in blood plasma to other in body, target specific cells
  • They control things in organs and cells that need constant adjustment
31
Q

What are the different types of Hormones?

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Insulin
  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone
  • Oestrogen
  • ADH
  • FSH
  • LH
32
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of Adrenaline?

A
  • Adrenal glands
  • Readies body for ‘fight or flight’
  • Increases Heart rate, blood flow to muscles, blood sugar level
33
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of Insulin?

A
  • Pancreas
  • Control blood sugar levels
  • Stimulates liver to turn glucose into glycogen for storage
34
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of Testosterone?

A
  • Testes
  • Male sex hormone
  • Promotes secondary sexual characteristics (facial hair)
35
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of Oestrogen?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Main female sex hormone
  • Control menstrual cycle and promotes secondary sexual characteristic (widening of hips)
36
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of Progesterone?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Supports pregnancy
  • Maintains lining of the uterus
37
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of ADH?

A
  • Pituitary gland (brain)
  • Controls water content
  • Increase permeability of kidney tubules to water
38
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of FSH?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Female sex hormone
  • Causes egg to mature in ovary, stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
39
Q

What is the Source, Role, Effect of LH?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Female sex hormone
  • Stimulates the release of egg from ovary
40
Q

What is the difference between Nerves and Hormones?

A
  • Nerves = fast messages, act for short time, act on precise area
  • Hormones = slow messages, act for long time, act in general area
41
Q

Define Homeostasis and give an example:

A

Maintenance of a constant internal environment

•E.g. water content, body temperature

42
Q

How is Water lost from the body?

A
  • Through skin as sweat
  • Via the lungs in breath
  • Via kidneys as urine
43
Q

On a Hot Day how is urine content and sweat affected?

A
  • Sweat a lot
  • Produce less urine, more concentrated, deep colour
  • Lose more water through breath
44
Q

On a Cold Day how is the urine content and sweat affected?

A
  • Don’t sweat much

* Produce more urine, less concentrated and more diluted, so pale colour

45
Q

What is the temperature your body tried to maintain?

A
  • 37 Degrees Celsius

* Because, enzymes work best at this temperature

46
Q

How does your body maintain constant temperature of your body?

A
  • Brain receives messages from temperature receptors in the skin that provide info about skin temperature
  • CNS activates necessary effectors to make sure body temperature stays constant
47
Q

What does your skin do when it’s too Hot?

A
  • Sweat - when evaporates it transfer energy from skin to environment - cools you down
  • Vasodilation - blood vessels near surface of skin widen, allow more to blood to flow near surface so transfer energy into surroundings - cools you down
  • Hairs lie flat
48
Q

What does your skin do when it’s too Cold?

A
  • Little sweat produced
  • Vasoconstriction- blood vessels near surface of skin constrict, less energy transferred to surroundings
  • Shiver - increases rate of respiration, transfer energy to warm the body
  • Erect Hairs - trap an insulating layer of air - keeps you warm
49
Q

How can Smaller Organisms cool down quicker?

A
  • Bigger SA to volume ratio
  • Gain/lose heat faster because more area for heat to transfer across
  • Small organisms lose body heat easily
50
Q

How do Plants increase their chance of survival?

A
  • Sense direction of light and grow to maximise light absorption for photosynthesis
  • Roots and shoots grow in right direction
51
Q

What are Auxins and what is it’s function?

A
  • Plant Hormones
  • Control growth at tips of shoots and roots
  • Produced In tips and diffuse backwards to stimulate cell elongation process
  • Involved In growth responses of plants to light (phototropism) and gravity (geotropism)
52
Q

What is Geotropism?

A
  • Allows Plants to correctly orient themselves for growth
  • Roots exhibit positive geotropism and grow towards earth
  • Shoot shows negative geotropism by growing away from earth
53
Q

What is Phototropism?

A

•Occurs when plant moves towards or away from sunlight

54
Q

How does position of light on plant affect auxin on plant?

A
  • Shoot directly under light = auxin spreads down sides of plant
  • Light from one side = auxin collects on shady side causing cells on that side to elongate - lopsided elongation produces a bend in plant stem

Biology (9 decks)

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