BLOOD BANK SECTION Flashcards
(221 cards)
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• Immunohematology - branch of immunology deals with
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immunologic principles with studying different blood groups
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• Blood bank - area in clinical laboratory where blood
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products
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such as whole blood and blood components
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collected from donor are prepared and stored for
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transfusion.
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Early History
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• Pope Innocent VIII (1492) - drank blood from three young
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boys in hopes of youth and vitality
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ended up being dead
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along with the boys.
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Animal-to-Animal Transfusion
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Jean Baptiste Denis
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- Performed the first animal-to-animal transfusion by
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bloodletting 16-year-old boy with 9 ounces of lamb’s
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blood in exchange of the boy’s 3 ounces of blood
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- His second patient was Anton Mauroy receiving calf’s
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blood
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in which he suffered transfusion reaction but
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became well.
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• Richard Lower
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Transfused sheep’s blood to Arthur Coga
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a clergy
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student
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Human-to-Human Transfusion
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23
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• Philip Syng Physick
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- Conducted first human-to-human transfusion in 1795
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but was not documented.
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• John Henry Leacock
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Performed and published animal experiments proving
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donor and recipient must be the same species.
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• James Blundell
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In 1825
he successfully transfused a woman suffering
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from postpartum pregnancy with the woman's
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husband's blood.
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• Emil Ponflick
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-
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Observed RBC lysis in blood of a woman transfused
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with sheep's blood. Also observed incompatible
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transfusion reactions such as hemorrhage and
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congestion of kidneys
lungs
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• Leonard Landois
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- Observed that human RBCs will lyse if mixed with sera
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of other animals. Set the stage for studying
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immunologic basis of blood compatibility.
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• Braxton Hicks
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Suggested the use of anticoagulant as clotting was the
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primary obstacle of transfusion
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Discovery of Blood Groups and Landsteiner Laws
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•
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Karl Landsteiner - discovered ABO blood group in
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1901. He explained serious reactions from incompatible
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transfusions.
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• Landsteiner observed that blood mixed with other
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specimen of human blood sometimes resulted to
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agglutination
which is the clumping of cells.
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• Landsteiner identified three blood groups
called A
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and C (renamed as O from German word one meaning
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without
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• Alfred von Descatello and Adriano Sturli - discovered
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blood group AB in 1902
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• Landsteiner and Alex Weiner - discovered Rh blood
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group in 1940
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• Landsteiner Laws
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a. Antigen of RBC determines the blood group
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b. Corresponding antibody is never found in the
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individual's sera
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c. Opposite antibody is found in the individual's sera
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Inheritance of ABO and Rh Blood Groups
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Definition of Terms
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• Genes - unit of heredity
molecular level of DNA sequence
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responsible for expression of a specific trait
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Allele - one or two alternate forms of a gene
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• Genotype - set of genes possessed by an individual
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• Phenotype - physical traits which expression is based on
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inherited genes along with environmental factors.
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• There are 4 possible phenotypes on ABO Blood Group
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blood type A
B
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• In a genotype
one is from the father and one is from the
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mother
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• Three alleles are used in ABO inheritance pattern: A
B
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Allele A and B are dominant
can be heterozygous
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(e.g.
AO) or homozygous (e.g.
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- Allele A and B can be codominant
as type AB has
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both A and B alleles.
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Allele O is recessive
which is only expressed in
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homozygous O (genotype 0O)
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• Rh Blood Typing
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Detects presence of D antigens on surface of RBCs
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-
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Genotype
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AA (homozygous A)
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AO (heterozygous A)
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BB (homozygous B)
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BO (heterozygous B)
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AB
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0
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Phenotype
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Blood Type A
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Blood Type A
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Blood Type B
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Blood Type B
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Blood Type AB
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Blood Type O
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Categorizes into Rh+ and Rh-
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-
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Sample is whole blood and reagent is Anti-D which is
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colorless
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Reaction
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with Anti-D
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+
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Indication
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Sample Problem
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D antigen is
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presents
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D antigen is
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absent
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The mother's blood type is A while the father is AB. What
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are the possible blood types of their offspings?
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Analysis: Mother's genotype can be AO or AA
father's
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Testing compatibility of donor and recipient blood. Has
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genotype is AB.
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A
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A
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Case 1
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Case 2
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AA
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AO
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AB
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BO
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A
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AA
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AA
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B
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AB
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AB
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Type
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Rh+
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Rh-
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• Crossmatching
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two parts:
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Major Crossmatch
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RSDC (Recepient's serum + donor's cells)
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Detects if recipient has antibodies that may destroy cells from the donor
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b.
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Minor Crossmatch
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DSRC (Donor's serum + recipient's cells)
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• Detects if donor has antibodies that may
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destroy cells of the recipient.
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Genotype
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3 AA
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3 AB
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1 AO
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1 BO
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Phenotype
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A
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AB
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Phenotype
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Summary
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Number
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4
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B
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AB
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3
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Percentage
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3/8 or
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0.375
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1/8 or 15.5
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4/8 or 50%
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There are 8 possible genotypes of the offsprings
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Routine Tests in Blood Banking
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• ABO Blood Typing: Four Major Blood Types
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Blood Type
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ANTIGEN in
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RBCs
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A
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А
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B
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AB
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Both A and B
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No antigens
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ANTIBODY
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in Plasma
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Anti-B
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Anti-A
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No antibodies
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Both anti-A
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and anti-B
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1. Direct/Forward/Cell Typing: most common
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Determines antigens present on the surface of
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patient's RBCs
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Uses whole blood and reagents are commercially
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prepared antisera
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Blood
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ANTISERA reagent
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Type
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Anti-A
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Anti-B
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(BLUE)
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(YELLOW)
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A
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-
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AB
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+
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+
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2
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Indirect/Reverse/Serum Typing
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Determines antibodies in the plasma or serum of a
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patient's specimen
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Uses Red Cell Suspension (RCS) as reagent
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Blood
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RCS reagent
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A Cell
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B Cell
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Type
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Suspension
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Suspension
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А
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+
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B
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+
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AB
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+
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+
