MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
(358 cards)
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• Microorganisms (microbes) - all organisms that are too
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small to be seen by the unaided eye. Beneficial agents in
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the fields of biotechnology and medicine.
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Pathogens - disease-causing microbes
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• Microbiology - scientific discipline that carefully studies
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identifies
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and characterizes microorganisms.
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Classification of Microorganisms
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Acellular
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Not made up of
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Viruses - acellular
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infectious
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true cells
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agents
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- Cannot
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incapable of replicating
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outside host cells
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reproduce
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Structure
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independently
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Core - nucleic acid
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Considered
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can be RNA or DNA
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non-living
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(never both)
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Viruses and
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prions
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ii.
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Capsid -
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(misfolded
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material protecting the
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proteins)
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sure made up of
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ili.
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Cellular
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microbes
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Do not have
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true nucleus
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nuclear
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membranes
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membrane-
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bound
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organelles.
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without envelope
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Envelope viruses -
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with envelope
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Sons to looks tour
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Banana acterom Monera
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unicalla
(rokaryotic
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bacteria) and
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cyanobacteria (formerly
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-
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blui walen algae)
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peptidoglycan
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Unicellular
prokaryotic
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in extreme conditions
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Extremophiles
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Have
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Protozoa/Protozoan
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true nucleus
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(Kingdom Protista
Domain
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Eukarya)
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nuclear
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membranes
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unicellular
eukaryotic
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non-photosynthetic
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membrane-
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bound
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organelles.
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Fungi (Kingdom Fungi
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Domain Eukarya)
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non-photosynthetic
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eukaryotic
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Microscopic fungi
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include the unicellular
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yeasts and the
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multicellular molds
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capable of carrying out
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both sexual and
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asexual reproduction
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Yeast cells via
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budding
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Molds via apical
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extension
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-
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Cell wall is made up of
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chitin
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Algae (Kingdom Protista
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Domain Eukarya for
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microscopic
unicellular
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algae)
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Photosynthetic
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eukaryotic organisms
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Some are unicellular
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while others are
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multicellular
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Cell wall is
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predominantly made up
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of cellulose
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Disciplines in Context with Microbiology
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Study
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Microorganism
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Bacteriology
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Bacteria
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Clinical Bacteriology
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Pathogenic bacteria
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Virology
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Virus and virus-like agents
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Mycology
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Microscopic yeasts and
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molds
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Phycology (Algology)
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Protozoology
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Microscopic algae
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Eukaryotic and unicellular
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protozoans
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Parasitology
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Parasites (some protozoans
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are parasitic)
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Development of Microbiology
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Early Beginnings: Discovery of Cells and Very Small
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Organisms
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• Zacharias Janssen
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-
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One of several individuals who discovered two convex
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lenses (two-lens instrument) make small objects
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appear larger
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• Giovanni Faber
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- Coined the term "microscopio" or microscope for the
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two-lens system
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• Robert Hooke
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Used a 25x microscope
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- 1665: Published the book Micrographia which
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detailed his studies using the 25x microscope
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- Studied a piece of cork using his microscope
used the
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term "cella" to describe "great many little boxes" he
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observed.
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- First person to describe and draw a microorganism
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(mold)
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• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Came up with a 200x microscope
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- Coined the term animalcules for hundreds of tiny
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living animals (probably protozoa and algae) he
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observed
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Understanding Disease Transmission: Uprise of
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Epidemiology
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Epidemiology - study of the distribution and determinants of a
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disease in a specified population.
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Naturalists
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Believed that miasma (bad air) is origin of epidemics
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emanating from rotten organic matter
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• Ignaz Semmelweis
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Hungarian obstetrician
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- Observed the mortality of pregnant women due to
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puerperal fever (childbed fever)
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Disease was more prevalent in the ward
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handled by medical students than in the ward
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run by midwifery students (29% death vs 3%
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death)
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Concluded that the source of contagion must be
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from cadavers on which the medical students
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previously had been performing autopsies before
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entering the wards. On the other hand
midwifery
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students did not work on cadavers
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Directed his staff to wash their hands using
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chlorine water before entering the maternity
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ward leading to fewer fatalities due to childbed
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fever
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• John Snow
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Father of Epidemiology
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- Investigated 1854 London Cholera Epidemic
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concluded that cholera was waterborne and not
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spread by miasma
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Spot-mapping - interviewing the sick and healthy
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Londoners and the location of cholera cases were
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plotted in a map. It was found that most cholera
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cases were clustered and were getting their water
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source from the street pump in Broad Street
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Snow requested the parish Board of Guardians to
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remove the street pump handle
effectively
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breaking the spread of the disease
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Classical Golden Age of Microbiology
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• 1854: Microbiology blossomed and continued until the
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advent of World War I.
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• Louis Pasteur |
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Considered as Father of Bacteriology
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- First to correctly explain that fermentation involves
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converting sugar into alcohol (wine) by yeasts in the
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absence of oxygen
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- Concluded bacteria causes souring and spoilage of
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wine and dairy products
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Developed pasteurization technique as practical
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solution for wine disease (souring). Original method
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was heating the wine to 55°C after fermentation but
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before aging
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- Proposed Germ Theory of Disease (Specific
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pathogens are responsible for specific infectious
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disease)
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- Unable to isolate any causative agents to completely
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validate the germ theory
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• Robert Koch
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- Verified the germ theory using Koch's Postulates
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(formalized standards when relating a specific organism to
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a specific disease)
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• Koch's postulates
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a.
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The same microorganisms are present in every
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case of the disease
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b.
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The microorganisms are isolated from the tissues
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of a dead animal and a pure culture is prepared.
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Microorganisms from the pure culture are
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inoculated into a healthy
susceptible animal. The
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disease (same disease in postulate 1) is
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reproduced.
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d.
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The suspected pathogen must be re-isolated from
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the tissue
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e.
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specimens of the experimental animal and shown
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to be the same as the original
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Possutatu 2
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The microorganisni
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Allows microscopic observation and classification of
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bacteria according to shape
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Bacterial Classification
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Based on Cell Wall Structure
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Gram Positive
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Gram negative
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Thick
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Thick
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Spherical
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peptidoglycan
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peptidoglycan
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Based on Shape
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Bacilli
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Rod-
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shaped
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wall
no outer
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wall
no outer
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lipid
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membrane
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lipid
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membrane
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Exhibit purple
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Exhibit purple
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color
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color
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Gram positive bacteria
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Gram negative bacteria
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botulinum
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Staphylococcus
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Postulate 3
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pure cunture are inoculated
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Competition Between the Koch Lab and The Pasteur Lab
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Pasteur Lab - focused on mechanism of infection & immunity.
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Louis Pasteur with Charles
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Chamberland
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Attenuated (weakened) the
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bacterial cells of
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chicken cholera
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Louis Pasteur
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Applied attenuation to anthrax
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and used it to sheep
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Louis Pasteur with Emile Roux
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Roux: tested rabies vaccine to
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dogs
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Pasteur: tested the rabies
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vaccine to Joseph Meister
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Identified the diphtheria toxin
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Alexander Yersin & Emile
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Roux
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Eli Metchnikoff
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Discovered phagocytosis
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Koch Lab - procedural methods for isolation
cultivation
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identification of pathogens.
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Robert Koch
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Friedrich Loeffler
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Georg Gaffiky
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Paul Ehrlich
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Shibasaburo Kitasato
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Emil von Behring
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Identified
cultured
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discovered the following
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Bacillus anthracis
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Vibrio cholerae
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Isolated Corynebacterium
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diphtheriae
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Cultivated typhoid bacillus
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Suggested dyes might control
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bacterial infection
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Isolated Clostridium tetani
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Developed antidiphtheria toxin
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Independent Scientists in Classical Golden Age of Microbiology
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Gerhard Hansen
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Observed bacterial cells in
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leprosy patients
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Albert Neisser
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(Mycobacterium leprae)
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Discovered Neisseria
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gonorrhoeae
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Charles Laveran
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Discovered that malaria is
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caused by a protozoan
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(Plasmodium falciparum)
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Theodore Escherich
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Discovered the bacterium
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responsible for infant diarrhea
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Richard Pfeiffer
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Identified a bacterial causative
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agent of meningitis
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(Haemophilus influenzae)
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Shibasaburo Kitasato and
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Alexander Yersin
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Independently discovered the
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bacterium causing plague
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(Yersinia pestis)
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Jules Bordet and Octave
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Gengou
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Cultivated Bordetella pertussis
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(pertussis bacillus)
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Common Techniques in Microbiology Section
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1
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Gram Staining
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Invented by Hans Christian Gram
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Classifies bacteria according to cell wall structure
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(thickness of peptidoglycan and presence of outer lipid
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membrane)
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monildormis
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Streptococcus
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cholerac
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Corynebacteriun
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Streptococcur
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2. Acid Fast Stain
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Used mainly for the differentiation of acid-fast
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organisms from non-acid fast organisms.
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Most useful in the detection of Mycobacterium
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tuberculosis.
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KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) Preparation
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utilizes 10% potassium hydroxide which dissolves
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the keratin of skin scrapings
nails
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detect fungal elements such as spores and hyphae
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4. Culture
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Isolation of the bacterium from the actual site of
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infection
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Allowing the organism to grow in vitro
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Allows microbiologists to come up with a sufficient
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population of the pathogen which eventually be used
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for identification of the pathogen.
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5. Sensitivity Testing/ Antimicrobial Susceptibility
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Testing (AST)
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- Done after culture to determine the most appropriate
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antibiotics in treating bacterial infections.
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- Most routinely used technique is the Kirby-Bauer
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technique (disk diffusion susceptibility test).
