Blood, Cardiovascular, Circulatory Flashcards by Jennifer Kopis

Functions of Blood

Transports O2, Waste, Hormones.

Defense against Viruses, bacteria, mutated cells.

Regulates body temp, pH levels, Salt/water balance

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The upper layer of blood is where you find _______. It accounts for ____% of blood volume.

Plasma,

55%

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The lower layer of blood consists of ______&______.

Buffy coat & erythrocytes

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Buffy coat is made of ______&_______.

And accounts for ___% of blood volume.

Leukocytes & platelets

<1%

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Erythrocytes are _______ cells, and make up ____% of blood volume

Red blood cells

45%

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What are the 4 components of blood?

Plasma
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

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What component of blood is 92% is water, 8% is various salts, glucose and amino acids (cell nutrients), urea (waste), hormones and proteins?

Plasma

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________ helps maintain homeostasis to include infection fighting, osmotic pressure and clotting.

Plasma proteins

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What component of blood helps maintain electrolyte balance?

Plasma

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What are the formed elements in blood?

Red cells, white cells and platelets

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What process is responsible for making all the formed elements?

What cell begins this process?

Where in the body does this process occur?

Hematopoiesis

Stem Cells

Red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, iliac crests, ends of long bones.

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Stem Cells are also called _________.

they are found within __________, and form

Hemocytoblasts

Red Bone Marrow

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Stem Cells are also called __________.

Hemocytoblasts

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size/shape/function of erythrocytes

Small, biconcave,

transports oxygen

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What is the protein that transports O2 within red blood cells?

Hemoglobin

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how does hemoglobin transfer o2?

Lungs- High o2 concentration, cool temperature, high ph = Hemoglobin binds to o2.
Blood travels to tissues which have low o2, warm temp, low PH = hemoglobin release o2

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• hormone that stimulates production (by kidneys and liver) and maturation of RBCs

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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Blood has reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to decreased hemoglobin or decreased number of red blood cells
What condition?

Anemia

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Name type of anemia that cause…..

 increased rate of RBC destruction

genetic; abnormal form of hemoglobin

 low iron intake

lack of vitamin B12

bone marrow damage

blood loss

Hemolytic

Sickle-cell

Iron deficiency

Pernicious

Aplastic

Hemorrhagic

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name some other factors that can contribute to RBC count

Excessive bleeding
Hemolysis, or RBC destruction due to transfusion, blood vessel injury or other causes
Leukemia (cancer of the blood cells)
Malnutrition
Pregnancy
Certain drugs: chemotherapy drugs

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what are white blood cells called?

size, and number compared to RBC

Leukocytes

Larger, not as many as RBCs

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functions of leukocytes

Fighting infection
Destroying dead or dying body cells
Recognizing and killing cancerous cells

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What causes WBC count to increase

Infection
reaction to a drug
disease in bone marrow
immune system disorder

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True or false?

WBCs are found in the bloodstream only

False.

•Able to leave the blood stream (can form colonies in tissues)

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What type of WBC... - creates specific immunity against particular pathogens and their toxins - Recognizes and destroys cancer cells

Lymphocytes

2 types of lymphocytes

T cells, B cells

produce antibodies that will bind to antigens of pathogens (10%)

B lymphocytes

_______ evoke an immune response

Antigens

_________are proteins that neutralize antigens

Antibodies

attack and destroy any cell with a foreign antigen (75%) mature in the thymus.

T lymphocytes

Leukopenia | vs leukocytosis

Leukopenia – low WBC count | Leukocytosis – high WBC count

– viral infection; large number of abnormal lymphocytes

Mononucleosis

cancer; uncontrolled production of white blood cells

Leukemia

Platelets AKA __________, | are result of fragmented ___________

Thrombocytes | Megakaryocytes

the cessation of bleeding is

Hemostasis

3 steps of hemostasis

1. Vascular Spasm (blood vessel) 2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Coagulation

what stage of hemostasis? •constriction of smooth muscle layer of a broken blood vessel •platelets release serotonin (pain relief) •Immediate response to a blood vessel injury •vasoconstriction

Vascular spasm

what stage of hemostasis? In a broken blood vessel, collagen fibers are exposed Platelets adhere to collagen fibers and release substances that form the plug aggregation of platelets results in a platelet plug

Platelet plug formation

what stage of hemostasis? - blood clotting - Requires plasma proteins fibrinogen and prothrombin - “Fibrin Clot”

Coagulation

what happens during blood clot retraction?

* Clot gets smaller as platelets contract * Serum (plasma -proteins) is squeezed from the clot * Enzyme called plasmin then breaks down the fibrin network after vessel repair begins

• Blood test that measures how long it takes blood to clot

Prothrombin Time (PT)

Disorders of Hemostasis Disorders of Hemostasis: - Thrombocytopenia - Thrombus - Embolus – dislodged blood clot - Thromboembolism - Cerebrovascular accident

-- low platelet count – stationary blood clot – dislodged blood clot – dislodged clot blocks a blood vessel --or stroke (in brain)

Blood type universal donor universal recipient

D- type O | R- type AB

The Cardiovascular System | Three Components:

 Heart  Blood vessels  Blood

The Cardiovascular System has Two Systems:

* Pulmonary Circuit (to the lungs and back to the heart) | * Systemic Circuit (to body tissues and back)

the heart is located

in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum (medial section of thoracic cavity)

Heart-Functions

 Separates O2-poor blood from O2-rich blood - Keeps blood flowing in one direction - Creates blood pressure - Regulates the blood supply

What is the sac the heart is enclosed in called? | How many layers?

Pericardium | 3 layers

name the layer of the heart wall that... - inner layer/lining - made of simple squamous epithelium - continuous with blood vessel linings

Endocardium

name the layer of the heart wall that... - thickest - consists of cardiac muscles - responsible for heart beat

Myocardium

name the layer of the heart wall that... - Visceral serous pericardium - forms the outer surface of the heart

Epicardium

what (fluid) surrounds the heart to reduce friction while the heart beats

Pericardial Fluid

what is the connective tissue that anchors the heart to the mediastinum and holds the large blood vessels in place

Fibrous pericardium

Functions of the heart coverings

* Protect the heart * Confine it to its location * Prevent it from overfilling with too much fluid or too much blood flowing through chambers and valves

1. Pericarditis means... | 2. Endocarditis means...

1. inflammation of the pericardium | 2. inflammation of the endocardium

list the 4 chambers of the heart in order of blood flow and whether they carry o2 rich or o2 poor blood

R atrium/atria = O2 poor R ventricle= O2 poor L atrium/ atria = O2 rich L ventricle = O2 rich

what does the interatrial septum separate?

Right/left atria

what separates the right and left ventricles?

Interventricular septum

the right and left chambers of the heart are separated by the _____. how do they work together?

septa - The two atria contract simultaneously - The two ventricles contract simultaneously

the _____ circuit pumps blood to/from the lungs the _____ circuit pumps blood to tissue throughout the body

Pulmonary Systemic

____ have thin walls that pump blood into the ventricles below

Atria

____ are thicker and pump blood into blood vessels that travel to other parts of the body.

Ventricles

Thickness in R Ventricle vs L ventricle differs because.....

* Right ventricle is slightly thinner than left as it pumps blood to the lungs * Left ventricle is thicker to enable it to pump blood to all other parts of the body

What keeps blood flowing in the same direction?

Valves

Arteries carry O2 (rich? or poor?) blood (toward or away from?) heart

O2 rich | away from heart

Veins carry O2 (rich? or poor?) blood to _____ and back. | the exception to this is the _______ veins which are o2 rich and bring blood from lungs to heart

Veins carry O2 poor blood to/from lungs. exception= Pulmonary veins

FLOW OF BLOOD: 1. O2 poor blood enters the ___ atrium via 3 vessels which are _____, _____, and ____. 2. Blood passes through the right _____ valve into the right _____. 3. Blood passes through the ______ valve and travel through the R & L _______ towards lungs. 4. At the lungs blood drops off ____ and picks up ___ before traveling through the _____ veins back to the left _____. 5. blood then goes through ____ valve and into the _____ ventricle 6. Blood leaves through the ______ valve and enters the _____. 7. the aorta delivers blood to the body via the left and right ________.

1. Right atrium via Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and Coronary sinus. 2. Atrioventricular (AV) or Tricuspid valve into the Right ventricle. 3. pulmonary semilunar valve into the right and left pulmonary arteries. 4. Co2 picks up O2. Travels through pulmonary veins back to left Atrium 5. Left AV/ Bicuspid/Mitral valve into the Left ventricle 6. Aortic semilunar valve and enters the Aorta 7. coronary arteries

echocardiogram

Ultrasound of the heart

Thickening and hardening of arterial wall is called_______. it is the main cause of _____. Causes?

Arteriosclerosis Main cause of Heart attack and stroke Causes: smoking, hypertension, diabetes

-Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries is called? partial blockage leads to? Warning sign of CAD is pain in chest from ischemia called?

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) ischemic heart disease Angina Pectoris

”Heart attack” – death of myocardium is called

Myocardial Infarction MI

Blood, Cardiovascular, Circulatory Flashcards

(71 cards)