BLOOD GASES LAB

Question 1

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

the respiratory system function to provide oxygen to the body cells and remove carbon dioxide

Question 2

What is the function of oxygen?

Answer 2

oxygen is used by the cells as a terminal electron receptor

Question 3

What is the function of carbon dioxide?

Answer 3

carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration

Question 4

Describe first step of cellular respiration.

Answer 4

atmospheric oxygen moves into the lungs and diffuses into the circulatory system

Question 5

Describe the second step of cellular respiration.

Answer 5

inhaled oxygen reaches the body cells while carbon dioxide is released and travels to the lungs

Question 6

Where is carbon dioxide initially released from?

Answer 6

carbon dioxide is initially released from the intercellular environment

Question 7

How does carbon dioxide travel to the lungs?

Answer 7

carbon dioxide travels through the blood to the lungs

Question 8

Describe the last step of cellular respiration.

Answer 8

carbon dioxide is released during exhalation

Question 9

How many steps of cellular respiration are there?

Answer 9

there are three steps to cellular respiration

Question 10

What is the result of too much carbon dioxide in the blood?

Answer 10

too much carbon dioxide in the blood result in the increases of hydrogen ion concentrations producing acidosis of the blood

Question 11

When is carbon dioxide formed?

Answer 11

carbon dioxide is formed during aerobic cellular respiration

Question 12

Which macromolecules break down in the process of forming carbon dioxide?

Answer 12

carbon dioxide is formed when glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids break down to create ATP

Question 13

Which part of the blood does carbon dioxide travel through to get to the lungs?

Answer 13

carbon dioxide travels through the interstitial fluid of the blood

Question 14

Describe the process of carbon dioxide leaving the body.

Answer 14

carbon dioxide diffuses across pulmonary capillaries and foes into the alveoli where it is exhaled

Question 15

How many ways can carbon dioxide be transported through the bloodstream?

Answer 15

carbon dioxide can be transported in three ways

Question 16

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide can be transported through the bloodstream?

Answer 16

carbon dioxide can travel as dissolved carbon dioxide, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions

Question 17

What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported as a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)?

Answer 17

carbon dioxide is transported as a bicarbonate ion 70% of the time

Question 18

What is the first step of the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)?

Answer 18

carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid

Question 19

What is the chemical representation of the first step of (CO2) to (HCO-3)?

Answer 19

CO2 +H2O = H2CO3

Question 20

What is the second step of the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to a bicarbonate ion (HCO-3)?

Answer 20

the newly formed carbonic acid disassociates in water to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

Question 21

What is the chemical representation of the second step of (CO2) to (HCO-3)?

Answer 21

H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

Question 22

How many steps are there to the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ions?

Answer 22

there are two steps

Question 23

What is the chemical equation for the formation of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions from carbon dioxide and water?

Answer 23

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3

Question 24

True or False: the ratio between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate/ hydrogen ions is constant

Answer 24

true; their levels rise and fall equally

Question 25

The pH of blood is determined by what?

Answer 25

the pH of blood is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood

Question 26

True or False: blood carbon levels decrease during exercise

Answer 26

false; blood carbon level increase during exercise

Question 27

Increased levels of hydrogen ions stimulate which chemoreceptors?

Answer 27

increased levels of hydrogen ions stimulate chemoreceptors in the brain, aortic arch, and carotid bodies

Question 28

What is the result of chemoreceptors being stimulated by increased hydrogen levels?

Answer 28

chemoreceptor stimulation causes an increased rate of breathing and the exhalation of carbon dioxide

Question 29

What happens when the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli exceeds 50mmHg in reference to breath holding?

Answer 29

when partial pressure exceeds 50mmHg the stimulus to breath is so strong that breath can no longer be held

Question 30

What is the point at which breath can no longer be held called?

Answer 30

it is called the "break point"

Question 31

When does loss of consciousness occur?

Answer 31

loss of consciousness occurs when oxygen in the alveoli is significantly reduced to 25 or 30mmHg

Question 32

What is the point of which an individual passes out due to low oxygen levels called?

Answer 32

it is called the "pass out point"

Question 33

Define hyperventilation.

Answer 33

hyperventilation is the increase of lung ventilation rate that is greater than needed for the existing metabolic rate

Question 34

What is the result of hyperventilation?

Answer 34

hyperventilation results in the decrease of carbon dioxide and subsequent decrease in blood acidosis

Question 35

Define hypocapnia.

Answer 35

the substantial decrease on blood CO2 levels; typically as a result of hyperventilation

Question 36

Describe why hyperventilation has no impact on breath holding ability.

Answer 36

hyperventilation has no affect of breath holding ability because the blood is always saturated with oxygen

Question 37

The physiology of breath holding involves which changes?

Answer 37

the physiology of breath holding involves respiratory, cardiac, and circulatory changes

Question 38

List a few clinical conditions caused by hyperventilation.

Answer 38

clinical conditions caused by hyperventilation are severe tetany or syncope

Question 39

Define tetany.

Answer 39

tetany is a clinical neurological syndrome characterized by laryngospasm and seizures

Question 40

Define syncope.

Answer 40

syncope is a loss of conscious and postural tone