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Anatomy and Physiology II > BLOOD VESSEL LECTURE > Flashcards

BLOOD VESSEL LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the circulatory routes of the blood vessels from largest to smallest.

A

the circulatory route travels through the heart –> arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> back to the heart

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2
Q

What are portal systems?

A

portal systems allow blood to flow through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

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3
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

an anastomosis is a connection between two vessels

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4
Q

What is an arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)?

A

arteriovenous anastomosis is when blood flows from an artery directly into a vein by bypassing the capillaries

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5
Q

Where does arteriovenous anastomosis most frequently occur?

A

arteriovenous anastomosis occurs most frequently in the fingers, ears, and toes

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6
Q

What is the function of arteriovenous anastomosis occur?

A

arteriovenous anastomosis is responsible for reducing heat loss in cold weather by allowing blood to bypass the exposed surfaces

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7
Q

What is arterial anastomosis?

A

arterial anastomosis is when two arteries merge

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8
Q

What is the function of arterial anastomosis?

A

arterial anastomosis is responsible for providing alternative routes of blood supply to tissues

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9
Q

What is a venous anastomosis?

A

a venous anastomosis is a connection between two veins

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10
Q

What is the function of a venous anatomosis?

A

a venous anastomosis is responsible for providing several alternative routes of drainage from and organ

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11
Q

What is the most common type of anastomosis?

A

the most common type of anastomosis is the venous anastomosis

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12
Q

What is the tunica externa (tunica adventitia)?

A

the tunica externa is the outermost layer of the vessel wall

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13
Q

What makes up the tunica externa (tunica adventitia)?

A

the tunica externa is made up of loosely woven collagen fibers that protect and reinforce the vessel

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14
Q

What are some of the important component that the tunica externa contains?

A

the tunica externa contains nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels, and in larger vessels vasa vasorum

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15
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

the tunica media is the thick, middle layer of the vessel wall

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16
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

the tunica media is made up of smooth muscle, collagen, and some elastic tissue

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17
Q

What regulate the smooth muscle within the vessel wall?

A

the smooth muscle within the vessel wall is regulated by the sympathetic vasomotor neurons and autonomic nervous system which allows vasoconstriction and vasodilation to occur

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18
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

the tunica intima is the smooth inner layer of the vessel wall

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19
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

the tunica intima is made up simple squamous epithelium that when exposed to blood in the lumen, repels blood a platelets

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20
Q

What percentage of blood do arteries and arterioles contain

A

arteries and arterioles contain about 15% of total blood at rest

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21
Q

What are the elastic (conducting) arteries?

A

the elastic arteries are the largest arteries in size; interstate highways

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22
Q

What are some examples of elastic arteries?

A

some examples of elastic arteries are the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and carotid arteries

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23
Q

What are some of the characteristics of elastic arteries?

A

elastic arteries are thick-walled, close to the heart, and have low resistance; they also expand and recoil during systole and diastole

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24
Q

What are muscular (distributing) arteries?

A

muscular distributing arteries are smaller arteries that distribute blood to specific organs

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25
Q

What are some examples of muscular (distributing) arteries?

A

some examples of muscular arteries are the brachial and femoral arteries

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26
Q

What are some characteristics of muscular (distributing) arteries?

A

muscular distributing arteries have a thick tunica media with more smooth muscle, are also more active in vasoconstriction, and are also less capable of stretching

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27
Q

What are arterioles?

A

arterioles are the smallest arteries

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28
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

arterioles are responsible for constricting and dilating the amount of blood that flows to and organ/ tissue

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29
Q

What is the pathway of metarterioles?

A

metarterioles continue through the bed and lead directly to the venules

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29
Q

What are metarterioles?

A

metarterioles are short vessels that connect arterioles to capillaries

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30
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

capillary beds are groups of capillaries (10 - 100) that are supplied by a single metarteriole

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30
Q

What are capillaries?

A

capillaries are the smallest vessels where exchange between blood and tissue occurs

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30
Q

Describe the capillary wall.

A

the capillary wall is extremely thin which allows easy movement between vessels and tissue; the lumen is so small that blood cells are forced to move in a single file

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31
Q

What is the “lumen” of a blood vessel wall?

A

the lumen is the most interior part of the vessel wall

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31
Q

What is the precapillary sphincter?

A

the precapillary sphincter are muscle cells that encircle the capillary entrance and control which capillary beds are perfused

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32
Q

Describe continuous capillary type.

A

the continuous capillary type has endothelial cells that have tight junctions with intercellular clefts; the most common capillary type

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32
Q

What fraction of capillary beds are open at any given time at rest?

A

only 1/4 of capillary beds are open at a given time

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32
Q

How many types of capillaries are there?

A

there are three types of capillaries

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32
Q

What percentage of blood do capillary beds contain at rest?

A

capillary beds contain ~5% of total blood at rest

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33
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

the three types of capillaries are continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoids

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34
Q

Describe the fenestrated capillary type.

A

the fenestrated capillary type has endothelial cells that have many pores (fenestrations) that allow the rapid passage of small molecules

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35
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries most likely to be found?

A

fenestrated capillaries are most likely to be found in organs that require fast absorption or filtration; kidneys/ small intestine

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36
Q

Describe the sinusoid capillary type.

A

sinusoid capillaries are highly modified, leaky, fenestrated capillaries that allow the proteins and blood cells to move

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37
Q

In which organs are sinusoid capillaries most likely to appear?

A

sinusoid capillaries are most likely to appear in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen

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38
Q

What percentage of blood do veins and venules contain at rest?

A

veins and venules contain 55% of total blood at rest

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39
Q

Where is the remaining 30% of blood located when the body is at rest?

A

the rest of the blood (33%) is located in the heart and lungs

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39
Q

What is blood flow?

A

blood flow is the amount of blood flowing though an organ, tissue, or blood vessel at any given time

39
Q

What are venules?

A

venules are small veins

39
Q

What is the function of perfusion?

A

perfusion is responsible for governing the speed of oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissue and waste removal

39
Q

What does the term “perfusion” indicate?

A

the term “perfusion” indicates the flow per given volume or mass of tissue

39
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

venules are where blood flows after leaving the capillary bed

39
Q

What is hemodynamics?

A

hemodynamics is the physical principles of blood flow which are based in pressure and resistance

39
Q

Describe the characteristics of veins.

A

veins have thin walls (not very muscular and have elastic tissue) and are low pressure vessels; they also have large lumens that can easily expand with high capacities

39
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A

blood pressure is determined by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance

40
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

diastolic blood pressure is the blood pressure during ventricular diastole (relaxation)

40
Q

What is the formula for measuring hemodynamics?

A

flow (f) = change in pressure/ resistance

40
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

systolic blood pressure is the blood pressure during ventricular systole (contraction)

40
Q

Describe the blood pressure characteristics of a young adult?

A

a healthy young adults blood pressure is typically 120/80 mmHg; rises with age due to arteries losing elasticity

41
Q

Describe the blood pressure characteristics someone with hypertension?

A

in the case of hypertension, the individual has a chronic resting blood pressure of more than 140/90 mmHg; this can weaken small arteries and cause aneurysms

41
Q

What is the cause of hypotension (low blood pressure)?

A

hypotension can be caused by blood loss, anemia, and dehydration

41
Q

Describe the blood pressure characteristics of someone with hypotension?

A

in the case of hypotension, the individual has a chronically low blood pressure level

42
Q

How can you measure pulse pressure?

A

pulse pressure can be measured by subtracting the diastolic blood pressure from the systolic blood pressure

43
Q

Why is pulse pressure important?

A

pulse pressure is important because it is an indicator of stress in small vessels

44
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure (map)?

A

the mean arterial pressure is another method of measuring stress on the blood vessels

45
Q

What is the equation for measuring mean arterial pressure?

A

mean arterial pressure = diastolic blood pressure + .33 (pulse pressure)

46
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

peripheral resistance is the resistance that blood encounters in the vessel as it travels away from the heart

47
Q

What three things determine peripheral resistance?

A

peripheral resistance is determined blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius

48
Q

How does blood viscosity contribute to peripheral resistance?

A

blood viscosity contributes to peripheral resistance because it determines how thick the blood is

49
Q

How does vessel length contribute to peripheral resistance?

A

vessel length contributes to peripheral resistance because pressure and flow decrease with distance

50
Q

How does vessel diameter contribute to peripheral resistance?

A

vessel diameter contributes to peripheral resistance because the smooth muscle of the tunica media can contract and relax

51
Q

Which variable of peripheral resistance is most adjustable?

A

the most adjustable peripheral resistance is the vessel diameter

52
Q

In terms of peripheral resistance, what happens if the radius of a vessel is doubled?

A

if the radius of a vessel is doubled the resistance is only 1/16 as much and flow increases

53
Q

Which vessel(s) has the fastest blood flow?

A

the aorta has the fastest blood flow

54
Q

Which vessel(s) has the slowest blood flow?

A

the capillaries have the slowest blood flow

55
Q

What are three reasons blood flow decreases in the vessels?

A

three reasons blood decreases in the vessels are that there is a greater distance traveled (more friction), smaller radii of arterioles and capillaries, and the vessel is farther from the heart

56
Q

Is the regulation of blood flow a part of the peripheral or autonomic nervous system?

A

the regulation of blood flow is a part of the autonomic nervous system

57
Q

What is local control (autoregulation)?

A

local control is the ability to tissues to regulate their own blood supply

58
Q

Describe happens if a tissue is inadequately perfused.

A

if a tissue is inadequately perfused it accumulates waste products which stimulate vasodilation; when waste products are removed the vessels constrict

59
Q

What are two examples of short term regulation of blood pressure and flow?

A

Two examples of short term regulation and flow are the neural and hormonal controls

60
Q

What is a baroreflex?

A

is a change in blood pressure that is detected by a baroreceptor

61
Q

What is a baroreceptor?

A

a baroreceptor is a stretch receptor located in the aorta/ carotid above the heart

62
Q

Describe the first step of the autonomic negative feedback response in reference to the cardiovascular system.

A

the autonomic negative feedback response are when baroreceptors send constant feedback via different fibers to the cardiovascular center of the medulla

63
Q

What is a chemoreflex?

A

a chemoreflex is when chemical receptors in the aorta (aortic bodies) and carotids (carotid bodies) respond to blood chemistry (pH, co2, o2)

64
Q

What is the primary role of a chemoreflex?

A

the primary role of a chemoreflex is to adjust respiration

65
Q

Describe the secondary role of a chemoreflex.

A

if the chemical receptors detect hypoxia and acidity they will stimulate the chemoreceptors and increase action potentials to the cardioacceleratory and vasomotor center; this in turn increases cardiac output which increases blood pressure and increases perfusion and exchange

66
Q

Which hormones can influence blood pressure and flow?

A

angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are all hormones that can influence pressure and blood flow

67
Q

How do hormones influence blood pressure and blood flow?

A

hormones can influence blood pressure and flow by arterial vasoconstriction/ vasodilation or water retention/ excretion

68
Q

Describe the second step of the autonomic negative feedback response in reference to the cardiovascular system.

A

an increase in blood pressure causes an increased rate of action potentials to be sent to the cardiovascular center which inhibits the vasomotor and cardioaccelerator centers; the cardioinhibitory center in simulated which causes arteriolar and venous dilatation and a decreased cardiac output or decrease in blood flow

69
Q

Describe the third step of the autonomic negative feedback response in reference to the cardiovascular system.

A

a decrease in blood flow causes the action potential rate to drop and excite the vasomotor and cardioacceleratory center which inhibits cardioinhibitory center; causes vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output and increased blood pressure

70
Q

Describe the last step of the autonomic negative feedback response in reference to the cardiovascular system.

A

overtime the baroreceptors adapt to chronic high or low pressure and they quit responding; other mechanisms take over (renal)

71
Q

How can the kidneys (renal) directly control the blood pressure?

A

the kidneys can eliminate or retain fluid to control blood pressure

72
Q

How can the kidneys (renal) indirectly control the blood pressure?

A

the kidneys can control the renin-angiotensin mechanism which increases blood viscosity/ blood pressure by retaining fluids

73
Q

Describe the routing of blood flow.

A

localized vasoconstriction of the arterioles enables routing of blood to different organs/ tissues

74
Q

How can arterioles influence peripheral resistance?

A

arterioles can control peripheral resistance by changing their diameter

75
Q

True or False: Muscular constriction in the capillary bed can determine where blood is sent.

A

true; muscular constriction on the proximal side of the capillary bed determines where blood is sent

76
Q

What happens to blood flow in the arteries during exercise?

A

during exercise, arterioles redirect blood from internal (gi tract) to skeletal muscle, lungs, and myocardium

77
Q

What is capillary exchange?

A

capillary exchange is the passage of substances between the blood and tissue through the capillary wall

78
Q

What are the four types of capillary exchange?

A

the four types of capillary exchange are diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, and reabsorption

79
Q

What is diffusion?

A

diffusion is the most important mechanism for exchange

80
Q

Describe the diffusion of lipid-soluble substances.

A

lipid soluble substances diffuse easily

81
Q

Describe the diffusion of lipid-insoluble substances.

A

insoluble substances must pass through channels, fenestrations, or intercellular clefts

82
Q

What are two different types of lipid-soluble substances?

A

two different types of lipid-soluble substances are oxygen and carbon dioxide

83
Q

What are two different types of lipid-insoluble substances?

A

two different types of lipid-insoluble substances are glucose and electrolytes

84
Q

Which two particles are often held back during diffusion?

A

Two particles that are held back during diffusion are protein and blood cells

85
Q

Describe the process of transcytosis?

A

endothelial cells pick up droplets of fluids that contain substances and transport the vesicles across the membrane in order to release the fluid/ substance on the other side of the membrane

86
Q

Which substances use transcytosis to move across the cell membrane?

A

substances that use transcytosis to move across the membrane are fatty acids, albumin, and insulin

87
Q

What is the function of blood (hydrostatic) pressure?

A

blood pressure drives fluid out of the capillary with high pressure on the arterial end and low pressure of the venous end

88
Q

What is the function of colloid osmotic pressure?

A

colloid osmotic pressure draws fluid into the capillary due to more substances in the vessels that attract fluid

89
Q

Where is the process of colloid osmotic pressure most likely to occur?

A

the process of colloid osmotic pressure is most likely to occur in the venous end of the capillary

90
Q

Describe the pressure gradient.

A

the pressure in the venules forces blood back into the heart where the pressure in the vena cave is only 4 mmHg

91
Q

How does gravity contribute to venous return of blood?

A

gravity drains blood from the head and neck

92
Q

What are the four mechanisms of venous return?

A

four mechanisms of venous return are the pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscle pump, and thoracic pump

93
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump contribute to venous return of blood?

A

in the limbs that veins are surrounded and squeezed by muscles which move blood along to areas of less compression

94
Q

What are the function of one way valves in the veins?

A

one way valves ensure the blood only moves in one direction - towards the heart

95
Q

How does the thoracic pump contribute to venous blood flow?

A

during the process of inhalation the thoracic cavity expands and abdominal pressure increases which forces blood upwards towards the hert

Anatomy and Physiology II (24 decks)

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