Blood glucose levels and obesity

Question 1

What does chronic elevation of blood glucose levels lead to

Answer 1

endothelium cells taking in more glucose than normal leading to atherosclerosis damaging the blood levels

Question 2

What can damaged blood vessels from atherosclerosis lead to

Answer 2

cardiovascular disease
stroke
peripheral vascular disease

Question 3

What can the small blood vessels being damaged by elevated glucose levels result in

Answer 3

haemorrhage (serious bleeding of blood vessels in the retina)
renal (kidney) failure
peripheral nerve dysfunction

Question 4

What are hormones released from

Answer 4

one of the endocrine glands

Question 5

What do hormones travel through

Answer 5

blood stream to a target tissue

Question 6

What does a hormones target tissue have

Answer 6

cells with receptors for hormones so only some tissue are affected by specific hormones

Question 7

What endocrine gland monitors the blood glucose concentration

Answer 7

pancreas

Question 8

What responds to changes in blood glucose concentration

Answer 8

pancreatic receptors

Question 9

Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically what does that means

Answer 9

have the opposite effect on the same organ

Question 10

What happens when blood glucose levels increase

Answer 10

pancreatic receptors respond by increasing secretion of insulin from the pancreas
insulin travels to the liver in the blood
insulin activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver decreasing blood glucose concentration

Question 11

What happens when the is low blood glucose levels

Answer 11

pancreatic receptors respond by increasing secretion of glucagon from the pancreas
glucagon activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver increasing blood glucose concentration

Question 12

What happens during exercise and fight or flight responses

Answer 12

glucose levels are raised by adrenaline released from the adrenal glands stimulating glucagon secretion and inhibiting insulin secretion

Question 13

What happens once an emergency is over

Answer 13

insulin brings the blood glucose concentration back down to normal

Question 14

What is the regulation of blood glucose levels an example of

Answer 14

negative feedback control

Question 15

When does type 1 diabetes usually occur

Answer 15

in early childhood

Question 16

What wrong with a person with type 1 diabetes

Answer 16

unable to produce insulin

Question 17

What is type 1 diabetes treated with

Answer 17

regular injections of insulin

Question 18

When does type 2 diabetes develop

Answer 18

typically later in life

Question 19

What is the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes increased by

Answer 19

being overweight

Question 20

Whats wrong with people with type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

individuals produce insulin but receptors on liver cells are less sensitive to it

Question 21

What is the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes linked to

Answer 21

a decrease in the number of insulin receptors in the liver leading to failure to convert glucose to glycogen

Question 22

What is type 2 diabetes treated by

Answer 22

lifestyle changes- weight loss/exercise/dietary changes

Question 23

How is blood glucose level monitored by the body

Answer 23

pancreatic receptors

Question 24

What indicates diabetes

Answer 24

glucose present in urine

Question 25

What si used to diagnose diabetes

Answer 25

glucose tolerance test

Question 26

Describe the glucose tolerance test

Answer 26

the blood glucose concentrations of the individual are initially measured after fasting the individual then drinks a glucose solution and changes in their blood glucose concentration are measured for at least the next two hours

Question 27

Compare non diabetic and diabetic in a glucose tolerance test

Answer 27

the blood glucose concentration of a diabetic usually starts at a higher level than that of a non diabetic diabetics blood glucose concentrations increase to a much higher level than that of a non diabetic and takes longer to return to its starting concentration

Question 28

Why do patients have to fast before taking a glucose tolerance test

Answer 28

to ensure any glucose present in the patients blood os form the glucose drink they have been given

Question 29

the patient had eaten before taking the test their glucose levels would be higher due to

Answer 29

the food they had eaten and not necessarily due to a lack of insulin

Question 30

What is obesity

Answer 30

obesity is characterised by excess body fat in relation to lean body tissue

Question 31

What is BM1

Answer 31

body max index

Question 32

What is an advantage to BMI

Answer 32

extremely easy to calculate

Question 33

What is a disadvantage to BMI

Answer 33

BMI can wrongfully classify individuals as obese

Question 34

What BMI value indicates obesity

Answer 34

over 30

Question 35

What are the main causes of obesity

Answer 35

high fats diets and not enough physical activity

Question 36

What is obesity linked to

Answer 36

high fats diets and a decrease in physical activity

Question 37

What does exercise do

Answer 37

increases energy expenditure and preserves lean tissue

Question 38

What can exercising help reduce risk factors for CVD by doing

Answer 38

keeping weight under control minimising stress reducing hypertension improve HDL blood lipid profiles

Question 39

What should the energy intake in the diet do

Answer 39

limit fats and free sugars

Question 40

How do you calculate BMI

Answer 40

Weight(kg)/height squared

Question 41

What happens to individuals in both types of diabetes

Answer 41

Blood glucose levels will rise rapidly after a meal The kidney will remove some of this glucose resulting in glucose appearing in the urine

Question 42

What is obesity a major risk factor for

Answer 42

type 2 diabetes cardiovascular disease