Blood/Heart

Question 1

What are the three substances that make up blood?

Answer 1

Erythrocytes, Buffy Coat, and Plasma

Question 2

What is an erythrocyte

Answer 2

Red blood cell. Not a true cell and make up 44% of blood.

Question 3

What is the Buffy Coat

Answer 3

Layer of blood that contains leukocytes and platelets (make up 1%)

Question 4

What is plasma

Answer 4

The liquid ground substance of blood (water and dissolved proteins).

Question 5

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 5

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

Question 6

What is serum?

Answer 6

When clotting factors are removed from platelets.

Question 7

What are the three main functions of blood?

Answer 7

Transportation- O2, CO2, nutrients, waste
Regulation- Ph, temperature, fluid levels
Protection- Leukocytes launch immune response and platelets clot.

Question 8

What are some components of erythrocytes

Answer 8

-No nucleus or organelles
-Bioconcave shape for surface area to increase hemoglobin and to squeeze through capillaries.
-made in red bone marrow
-life expectancy of 120 days
-phagocytized in the spleen and liver
-iron is saved in liver as ferrin until additional production of red blood cells is needed

Question 9

What is hemoglobin

Answer 9

Molecule that transports oxygen and CO2
-each erythrocyte has 280 mil
-each globin has a non protein heme that contains iron
-each can bind 4 oxygens.

Question 10

What are the four blood types?

Answer 10

A, B, AB, O

Question 11

How is blood type determined?

Answer 11

by the presence of surface antigens of erythrocytes.
-A has A, B has B, AB has both, and O has none.

there are dissolved antibodies in plasma
A has anti B, B has anti A, AB has none, O has both

Question 12

What is the RH blood type?

Answer 12

Whether there is a surface D antigen or not.
-positive has the surface D antigen and no anti D bodies
-negative has no surface D antigens and no anti D antibodies

Question 13

What happens if you mix blood types?

Answer 13

Agglutination: antibodies bind erythrocytes together forming a clot.

Question 14

What are some components of leukocytes?

Answer 14

-true cells that undergo mitosis.
-initiate immune response
-largest structure in blood
-can perform diapedisis and chemotaxis
-there are five types

Question 15

What are the granulocytes?

Answer 15

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Question 16

What are the Agranulocytes?

Answer 16

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Question 17

What is diapedesis

Answer 17

When cells leave circulatory system and join interstitial fluid

Question 18

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 18

Ability to detect toxins and head in the direction of

Question 19

What are some components of platelets?

Answer 19

-small irregular fragment of megakaryote cell.
-first responder in producing blood clot

Question 20

What is hemopoeisis

Answer 20

Production of blood
-begin with hemocytoblasts (stem cell)
-lymphoid line produces lymphocytes
-myeloid line produces erythrocytes, megakarocytes, and leukocytes

Question 21

What does the heart do?

Answer 21

Pumps blood to the lungs and body through contractions of the chambers.

Question 22

What are arteries

Answer 22

Vessels that take blood away from the heart

Question 23

What are veins?

Answer 23

Vessels that take blood to the heart

Question 24

What are the great vessels?

Answer 24

arteries and veins that enter and leave the heart

Question 25

Why is blood flow unidirectional?

Answer 25

There are valves that open and close

Question 26

What does the right side of the heart do?

Answer 26

Pump blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

Question 27

What does the left side of the heart do?

Answer 27

Pumps blood to the tissues of the body (Systemic circulation)

Question 28

What is blood pressure?

Answer 28

Pressure of blood pushing against the vessels (pressure of pulmonary circulation is low compared to systemic) -a minimum pressure must be maintained to continue circulation

Question 29

What is the pericardium

Answer 29

The tough sac that encloses the heart Fibrous pericardium (outer) Serous pericardium (inner) a. outer of serous layer is parietal layer b. inner of serous layer is visceral layer (becomes epicardium)

Question 30

What is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 30

Cavity filled with serous fluid to reduce friction

Question 31

Epicardium

Answer 31

Outer wall of heart. Formed from visceral layer of pericardium. Simple Squamous Epithelium and Areolar CT

Question 32

Myocardium

Answer 32

Middle layer of heart. Made of cardiac muscle tissue

Question 33

Endocardium

Answer 33

Inner layer of heat. Made of areolar CT

Question 34

What does the right and left atrium do?

Answer 34

Receive blood from the body and lungs

Question 35

What does the right and left ventricles do?

Answer 35

Pump blood from the body and lungs

Question 36

What separates the superior atria (atriums)

Answer 36

Coronary Sulcus

Question 37

What separates the ventricles

Answer 37

On the front the anterior interventricular sulcus; on the back the posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 38

What separates the atria from the ventricles?

Answer 38

Fibrous Skeleton

Question 39

What is the fibrous skeleton made up of?

Answer 39

Dense regular CT

Question 40

What does the fibrous skeleton do?

Answer 40

Provides structural support and electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles

Question 41

What does the right atrium receive blood from?

Answer 41

Superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

Question 42

What separates the right atrium and right ventricle

Answer 42

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

Question 43

What causes valves in the heart to open/close

Answer 43

Pressure

Question 44

What separates the left and right ventricles

Answer 44

interventricular septum

Question 45

What are the large, irregular muscle ridges on the inner walls of each ventricle

Answer 45

Trabaculae Carneae

Question 46

What are the chordae tendinae and what do they attach to

Answer 46

Fibrous CT that connect to the cusps of both atrioventricular valves and papillary muscles

Question 47

What do the chordae tendineae do?

Answer 47

Prevent the valves from prolapsing (closing)

Question 48

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

Answer 48

Superior end of right ventricle

Question 49

What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?

Answer 49

The right and left pulmonary arteries

Question 50

What do the pulmonary arteries do?

Answer 50

They carry the deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 51

What is the smooth area leading up to the pulmonary semilunar valve?

Answer 51

Conus Arteriorsus

Question 52

What does the left atrium receive?

Answer 52

Oxygenated blood from the lungs

Question 53

What separates the left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 53

The Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid, mitral)

Question 54

What does the left ventricle do?

Answer 54

Pump blood to the entire body except the lungs

Question 55

What separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

Answer 55

The aortic semilunar valve

Question 56

Which ventricular wall is thicker

Answer 56

The left

Question 57

What is the only source of oxygenated blood for the heart

Answer 57

The coronary arteries (ascend off the aorta)

Question 58

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

Answer 58

Right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery

Question 59

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

Answer 59

The anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery

Question 60

What are the coronary veins?

Answer 60

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein

Question 61

Where do the coronary veins drain into?

Answer 61

The coronary sinus

Question 62

What junctions are found in the heart?

Answer 62

Gap junctions

Question 63

What is the ability to generate its own electrical impulses called?

Answer 63

Autorhythimicity

Question 64

Where do the electrical impulses start?

Answer 64

The sinoatrial node (in the roof of the right atrium and near the superior vena cava)

Question 65

Where do the impulses from the sinoatrial node pass to?

Answer 65

The atrioventricular node (.1 second delay)

Question 66

Where do the impulses from the antroventricular node go?

Answer 66

The atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) that branch extend into the interventricular septum

Question 67

What does the antroventricular bundle bifurcate into?

Answer 67

The right and left bundles

Question 68

Where do the impulses go after the right and left bundles?

Answer 68

The perkinje fibers

Question 69

What branch of the autonomic nervous system innervates the sinoatrial node?

Answer 69

Both

Question 70

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system speeds up the heart?

Answer 70

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 71

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system slows down the heart?

Answer 71

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 72

What is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 72

The time from the start of a heartbeat to the start of another one

Question 73

What is it called when a chamber contracts?

Answer 73

Systole

Question 74

What is it called when a chamber relaxes?

Answer 74

Diastole