Circulation

Question 1

What do arteries do?

Answer 1

Carry blood away from the heart and branch into smaller arteries

Question 2

What do veins do?

Answer 2

Carry blood to the heart and merge into larger veins

Question 3

What joins arteries to veins

Answer 3

Capillaries

Question 4

What are the layers of walls and arteries called?

Answer 4

Tunics

Question 5

What are the layers of walls and arteries

Answer 5

Tunica Intima: Most inner layer; simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT

Tunica Media: Circularly arranged smooth muscle that can cause vasoconstriction

Tunica Externa: CT that aids in anchoring blood vessel

Question 6

What are the small arteries found in the tunica externa?

Answer 6

Vasa Vasorum (to accomodate a blood supply to large blood vessels)

Question 7

Elastic Arteries

Answer 7

Largest; contains elastic fibers in all three tunics and branch into the muscular arteries

Question 8

Muscular Arteries

Answer 8

Medium size; two concentric rings of elastic fibers; inner ring is the internal elastic lamina which separates the tunica intima from the tunica media; outer ring is the external elastic lamina which separates the tunica media from tunica externa

Question 9

Arteioles

Answer 9

Smallest; contain smooth muscle in their tunica media when contracted leads to an increase in BP and when relaxed it would lead to a drop

Question 10

Blood flow is unidirectional except

Answer 10

Venous system of brain

Question 11

Capillaries

Answer 11

-smallest of blood vessels
-only tunica intima (diameter the size of a erythrocyte)
-only blood vessel where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and tissues
-form capillary beds

Question 12

Continuous Capillary

Answer 12

Most common, complete lining

Question 13

Fenestrated Capillary

Answer 13

Contains pores that allow for fluid exchange.

Question 14

Sinusoid Capillary

Answer 14

Has large gaps and incomplete basement membrane. Transports large molecules and cells to and from the blood.

Question 15

Veins

Answer 15

Drain capillaries and return blood to the heart
-same layers as artereies but thinner esp tunica media
-60% of blood volume at rest known as blood resevoir

Question 16

What is a metarteriole?

Answer 16

Feeds each bed; supplies true capillaries, each contains a ring of smooth muscle, that branch off the metarteriole to supply the tissue

Question 17

What is the throughfare channel?

Answer 17

Connects last true capillary to a postcapillary venule which becomes the venous system.

Question 18

What are the two major groups that veins are divided into?

Answer 18

Venules-smallest of veins (postcapillary are the smallest and is where diapedesis occurs)

Small/medium/large veins- Small and medium travel with muscular arteries while large travels with elastic arteries

Question 19

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

Answer 19

squeezes veins when the muscle contracts and forces the blood in the vein to travel toward the heart

Question 20

What is the respiratory pump?

Answer 20

The respiratory pump
functions in the abdominopelvic
cavity where the veins are
compressed when the
diaphragm contracts decreasing
the volume in the cavity and
increasing the pressure
■ When the diaphragm relaxes,
the volume in the thoracic cavity
decreases and the pressure
increases squeezing the veins.
■ Since the veins have one-way
valves, the blood is forced towards the heart

Question 21

How does a pulse exist?

Answer 21

When the systolic and diastolic are not equal
-only in arteries, there is no more pulse in the capillaries
-BP is greatest in the aorta and almost zero in superior and inferior vena cava

Question 22

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 22

All the vessels that extend to the body regions

Question 23

What are two branches of the ascending aorta?

Answer 23

Right and left coronary arteries

Question 24

What are the branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 24

1) Brachiocephalic trunk which bifurcates into the
right common carotid and the right subclavian
arteries
2) The middle branch is the left common carotid
artery
3) Final branch is left subclavian artery

Question 25

What does the aortic arch become?

Answer 25

descending thoracic aorta until it crosses through the diaphragm when it then becomes the descending abdominal aorta

Question 26

What are the arteries that branch off of the descending thoracic aorta?

Answer 26

Bronchial arteries

Question 27

What does the descending abdominal aorta branch into at the 4th lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 27

Left and right common iliac arteries

Question 28

What do the common iliac arteries branch into?

Answer 28

Right and left internal/external iliac arteries

Question 29

What forms the superior vena cava?

Answer 29

Fusion over the right and left brachiocephalic veins.

Question 30

What does the superior/inferior vena cava drain into?

Answer 30

The right atrium

Question 31

What forms the inferior vena cava?

Answer 31

The fusion of the left and right common iliac veins

Question 32

What supplies most of the blood to the head and neck?

Answer 32

Right and left common carotid arteries

Question 33

What do the right and left common carotid arteries branch into?

Answer 33

Left and right internal and external carotid arteries

Question 34

What do the internal carotid arteries supply?

Answer 34

The brain

Question 35

What do the external carotid arteries supply

Answer 35

Other structures in the skull

Question 36

What drains blood from the head and neck?

Answer 36

Left and right internal/external jugular veins

Question 37

What do the left and right internal/external jugular veins drain into?

Answer 37

Left and right subclavian veins

Question 38

What do the right and left subclavian veins become?

Answer 38

right and left brachiocephalic veins

Question 39

What forms the superior vena cava?

Answer 39

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

Question 40

What forms 2/3's of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of wilis)

Answer 40

internal carotid arteries

Question 41

What forms the remaining 1/3 of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of wilis)

Answer 41

basilar artery

Question 42

What forms the basilar artery?

Answer 42

Union of the right and left vertebral arteries

Question 43

What do the vertebral arteries branch off into?

Answer 43

Right and left subclavian arteries

Question 44

What do the vertebral arteries travel through?

Answer 44

Transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae

Question 45

What drains most cranial blood?

Answer 45

Dural venous sinuses? -superior sagittal sinuses -inferior sagittal sinus -straight sinus -occipital sinus -r/l transverse sinuses -r/l sigmoid sinuses

Question 46

What do the sigmoid sinuses drain into?

Answer 46

Internal jugular veins

Question 47

What supplies blood to the thoracic and abdominal walls?

Answer 47

Arteries that branch off of the thoracic and abdominal descending aorta

Question 48

What returns blood from the thoracic and abdominal walls?

Answer 48

-right side drains into azygous vein -inferior left side drains into the hemiazygous vein -superior left side drains into the accessory hemiazygos vein ■ The hemiazygos and the accessory hemiazygos veins drain into the azygos vein

Question 49

What does the azygous vein drain into?

Answer 49

Superior vena cava

Question 50

What are the branches of the celiac trunk? (Blood supply to the gastrointestinal tract)

Answer 50

Left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery

Question 51

What does the common hepatic artery give off?

Answer 51

hepatic artery proper, left and right hepatic arteries, right gastric artery, and gastroduodenal artery

Question 52

What supplies blood to the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 52

Celiac trunk and superior/inferior mesinteric arteries

Question 53

What are the two pairs of arteries that branch off the descending abdominal aorta?

Answer 53

Right and left renal arteries and right and left gonaldal arteries

Question 54

What drains the kidneys and gonadal organs?

Answer 54

Right and left renal veins (join the inferior vena cava) Right and left gonadal veins (right gonadal vein drains in the inferior vena cava but left drains in the left renal vein)

Question 55

What is the system that drains the gastrointestinal organs and delivers blood to the liver

Answer 55

Hepatic portal system

Question 56

What makes up the hepatic portal veins?

Answer 56

inferior/superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

Question 57

What veins drain the liver?

Answer 57

RIght and left hepatic veins (join the inferior vena cava)

Question 58

What supplies blood to the upper appendage?

Answer 58

Right and left subclavian arteries

Question 59

What do the right and left subclavian arteries become at the level of the first rib?

Answer 59

Axillary artery

Question 60

What does the axillary artery become at the inferior border of teres major?

Answer 60

Brachial artery

Question 61

What does the brachial artery bifurcate into at the cubital fossa?

Answer 61

Radial and ulnar arteries

Question 62

What do the radial and ulnar arteries become?

Answer 62

Superficial and deep palmar arches

Question 63

What arises from the superficial and deep palmar arches?

Answer 63

Digital arteries

Question 64

What drains the upper appendage?

Answer 64

Superficial and deep venous system

Question 65

What is the superficial venous system that drains the upper appendage?

Answer 65

Dorsal venous network that drains into the basilic and cephalic vein. These two veins are joined by the median cubital vein in the cubital fossa

Question 66

What is the deep venous system that drains the upper appendage?

Answer 66

Superficial and deep palmar arches that drain into the radial and ulnar veins. At the cubital fossa they become the brachial veins.

Question 67

What forms the axillary vein

Answer 67

Brachial and basilic vein

Question 68

What forms the subclavian vein?

Answer 68

Axillary and cephalic vein

Question 69

What supplies blood to the lower appendage?

Answer 69

Right and left external iliac arteries

Question 70

What does the external iliac artery become as it passes the inguinal ligament

Answer 70

Femoral artery

Question 71

What does the femoral artery become in the popliteal fossa?

Answer 71

Popliteal artery (supplies the knee)

Question 72

What does the popliteal artery bifurcate into?

Answer 72

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries (supplies anterior and posterior compartment of the leg)

Question 73

What branches off of the posterior tibial artery?

Answer 73

Fibular artery (supplies lateral compartment of leg)

Question 74

What branches off of the anterior tibial artery?

Answer 74

Dorsalis pedis artery (arcuate branches off of then becomes digital arteries to supply foot)

Question 76

What is the superficial system that drains the lower appendage?

Answer 76

Great sapphenous vein that joins the femoral vein (medial side) Small sapphenous vein that joins the popliteal (lateral) Plantar venous arch that joins the posterior tibial vein Dorsal venous arch that joins the great and small sapphenous veins

Question 77

What is the deep system that drains the lower appendgage?

Answer 77

Posterior/anterior tibial veins Fibular veins that merge with the posterior tibial veins

Question 78

What forms the popliteal vein?

Answer 78

Fibular and posterior tibial veins

Question 79

What does the popliteal vein become when it shifts to the anterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 79

Femoral vein

Question 80

What does the femoral vein become when it passes the inguinal ligament?

Answer 80

External iliac vein

Question 81

What do the internal/external iliac veins from when they join?

Answer 81

Common iliac vein (join inferior vena cava)

Question 82

What are the arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Answer 82

Pulmonary trunk and left/right pulmonary arteries (form capillaries that are associated with the alveoli)

Question 83

What accomplishes blood return from the lungs?

Answer 83

Pulmonary veins