Blood/heart Chapter 17 Flashcards
• Reticular Formation (location, function)
- medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
- Region that contains part of the system that helps maintain cerebral alertness and regulates skeletal and visceral muscle activity
Monocytes
o 3-9% of total WBC’s;
o phagocytosis;
o largest WBC, 12-20 microns,
o Large kidney shaped nucleus.
o increased during typhoid fever, malaria, and mononucleosis.
Monocytes are the leukocyte that is the most problematic for identification, because they can be fairly variable in size and appearance. They are often larger than neutrophils and are usually the largest leukocyte. The nucleus can be round to kidney-shaped to pseudo-lobulated (can mimic a neutrophil). It can may be confused with band neutrophils. However, the chromatin of monocytes is less dense than neutrophils, and is described as lacey to slightly clumped. The cytoplasm is usually smooth and blue-grey and may contain a few variably-sized vacuoles, and occasionally a few very fine pink-red granules. They are also larger than neutrophils
Monocytes
o 3-9% of total WBC’s;
o phagocytosis;
o largest WBC, 12-20 microns,
o Large kidney shaped nucleus.
o increased during typhoid fever, malaria, and mononucleosis.
Monocytes are the leukocyte that is the most problematic for identification, because they can be fairly variable in size and appearance. They are often larger than neutrophils and are usually the largest leukocyte. The nucleus can be round to kidney-shaped to pseudo-lobulated (can mimic a neutrophil). It can may be confused with band neutrophils. However, the chromatin of monocytes is less dense than neutrophils, and is described as lacey to slightly clumped. The cytoplasm is usually smooth and blue-grey and may contain a few variably-sized vacuoles, and occasionally a few very fine pink-red granules. They are also larger than neutrophils
Fetal circulation bypass structures (shunts) in the heart.
- Foramen Ovale –> Fossa ovalis (bypass the lungs)
- Ductus arteriosus –> Liagmentum arteriosum (moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta)
WBC order from most to least abundant
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
Neutrophils (Granulocytes)
Lymphocytes (Agranulocyte)
Monocyte (Agranulocyte)
Eosinophils (Granulocytes)
Basophils (Granulocytes)
Agranulocytes
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Basophils
- granulocytes,
- least common of the granulocytes, 0.01% to 0.3%
- Are basophilic, they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes. Partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm containing coarse bluish-black granules of variable size.
- large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope.
- Store histamine
- involved in inflammatory reactions in your body, especially those related to allergies and asthma.
Heart strings.
Cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve
chordae tendineae
Basophils
- granulocytes,
- least common of the granulocytes, 0.01% to 0.3%
- Are basophilic, they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes. Partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm containing coarse bluish-black granules of variable size.
- large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope.
- Store histamine
- involved in inflammatory reactions in your body, especially those related to allergies and asthma.
Lymphocytes
o 25-33% of total WBC’s;
o live for several months to years;
o range in size from large (10-14μ) to small (6-9μ);
o attack cells directly
- T-cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity. In the thymus, T cells multiply and differentiate into helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells or become memory T cells.
- B-cells are involved in so-called humoral immunity; on encountering a foreign substance (antigen), the B lymphocyte differentiates into a plasma cell, which secretes immunoglobulin (antibody).
Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils (red granules)
- Basophils (dark blue granules)
Neutrophils
o most abundant WBC = 54%-62%;
o polymorphonucleocytes (PMN);
o phagocytosis of foreign particles (disease organisms & debris);
o increased in acute bacterial infections.
Eosinophils
o 1-3% of total WBC’s;
o kill parasites and are responsible for allergic reactions;
o increased during parasitic infections (tapeworm, hookworm);
o Release toxic proteins during allergic reactions.
- Appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye
- Eosinophils gather wherever there is a parasite infection or an allergic reaction such as allergic asthma, and then release their toxins. The toxins are very efficient at harming parasites, but unfortunately will also harm us if released in the wrong place. So the lining of the lungs becomes damaged in asthma, and one of the most important purposes of asthma treatment is to prevent this damage.
Region that contains part of the system that helps maintain cerebral alertness and regulates skeletal and visceral muscle activity. (location)
Reticular Formation (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain)
Eosinophils
o 1-3% of total WBC’s;
o kill parasites and are responsible for allergic reactions;
o increased during parasitic infections (tapeworm, hookworm);
o Release toxic proteins during allergic reactions.
- Appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye.
- Eosinophils gather wherever there is a parasite infection or an allergic reaction such as allergic asthma, and then release their toxins. The toxins are very efficient at harming parasites, but unfortunately will also harm us if released in the wrong place. So the lining of the lungs becomes damaged in asthma, and one of the most important purposes of asthma treatment is to prevent this damage.
Branches of the aorta (elastic arteries)
- Ascending Aorta
- Left and right coronary artery
- Brachiocephalic
- Arch of Aorta
- Right subclebian
- Rigth common carotid artery
- Left common carotid artery
- Left subclebian
chordae tendineae
Heart strings.
Cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve
Neutrophils
o most abundant WBC = 54%-62%;
o polymorphonucleocytes (PMN);
o phagocytosis of foreign particles (disease organisms & debris);
o increased in acute bacterial infections.
Agranulocytes
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
o 25-33% of total WBC’s;
o live for several months to years;
o range in size from large (10-14μ) to small (6-9μ);
o attack cells directly
- T-cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity. In the thymus, T cells multiply and differentiate into helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells or become memory T cells.
- B-cells are involved in so-called humoral immunity; on encountering a foreign substance (antigen), the B lymphocyte differentiates into a plasma cell, which secretes immunoglobulin (antibody).
