Blood + Hematopoiesis + Lymphatics Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of blood?
A
- transport of water,solute, and cells
- temperature regulation
- water balance (blood volume)
2
Q
What is the makeup of whole blood?
A
- 5-10% of total body weight
- comprised of:
- 60% plasma (water, solutes)
- ~40% cells (RBC, WBC, PLT)
3
Q
What is plasma? Why is this important?
A
- 90% water, 8% protein, 2% other solutes
- proteins and solutes can be measured, variations reflect different disease processes
4
Q
What are the different kinds of blood cells? How prevalent are they? What is their life span?
A
5
Q
What is this an example of?
A
- blood smear
6
Q
T/F: white blood cells are erythrocytes
A
- false; leukocytes. RBCs are erythrocytes
7
Q
What are features of erythrocytes?
A
- most numerous cell in blood (millions)
- shape:
- bioconcave disc
- flexible membrane
- high surface-to-volume ratio
- allow RBCs to pass through small capillaries
- facilitates transport of O2 and CO2
- size: varies between species
8
Q
What are functions of erythrocytes?
A
- carry O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
- involved in acid-base homeostasis
9
Q
What species have nucleated RBCs?
A
10
Q
What are the three kind of blood cells?
A
- RBCs: erythrocytes
- WBCs: leukocytes
- PLTs: platelets
11
Q
What are features of leukocytes? Functions?
A
- least numerous blood cells (thousands)
- reported as WBC or TNCC
- function: inflammation and immune response
12
Q
What are the different kinds of leukocytes?
A
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
13
Q
What is indicated in the image?
A
- neutrophils
- size: ~12um diameter
- nucleus: segmented w/ dense violet chromatin
- cytoplasm: pale-staining “neutral”
14
Q
What is shown in the image?
A
- heterophils
- size: ~12 um diameter
- nucleus: segmented w/ dense violet chromatin
- cytoplasm: red,rice-shaped to round granules
15
Q
What is shown in the image?
A
- lymphocytes
- size: smaller than neutrophil (except in ruminants)
- nucleus: round to indented, dense/clumped chromatin
- cytoplasm: scant, blue
- high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio
16
Q
What are features of lymphocytes?
A
- found in blood, lymphatic circulation, lymphatic tissue
- major part of adaptive immune response
- humoral immunity: B-cells, plasma cells
- cell-mediated immunity: T-cells
- lifespan: days to years
17
Q
What is shown in the image?
A
- A: neutrophil
- B: lymphocyte
- C: monocyte
- size: typically largest cell on blood films
- nucleus: shape ranges from round to kidney to band to pseudo-segmented; chromatin is lacy/loosely clumped/magenta
- cytoplasm: abundant and blue, frequently vacuolated
18
Q
What are features of monocytes?
A
- differentiate into macrophages in tissue
- mononuclear phagocytic system
- comprised of monocytes and tissue macrophages
- macrophages widely distributed throughout the body
- spleen, liver (kupffer cells), lungs (alveolar macrophages), brain (microglial cells), bone (osteoclasts),etc.
19
Q
What are functions of monocytes?
A
- phagocytosis
- antigen presentation to T-lymphocytes
- iron storage + recycling
20
Q
What is shown in the image?
A
- eosinophils
- size: ~neutrophil
- nucleus: segmented w/ clumped chromatin
- cytoplasm: usually stains pale, contains eosinophilic granules; bright red-orange, sometimes refractive/shiny; contains many arginine-rich proteins (anti-bacterial + anti-parasitic)
21
Q
What are features of eosinophils?
A
- present in low numbers in the blood
- function: modulate delayed and immediate type of hypersensitivity reactions
22
Q
What is shown in the photos?
A
- A: eosinphil
- B: neutrophil
- C: basophil
- size: larger than neutrophils
- nucleus: elongated + ribbon-like; segmented
- cytoplasm: abundant amphophilic (lilac) w/ purple granules
23
Q
What are features of basophils?
A
- RARE in healthy animals
- usually seen with eosinophils
- morphology
- generally slightly larger than neutrophil
- “basophilic” granules: contain histamine and many other proteins
24
Q
What are features of platelets (PLTs)? Function?
A
- second most numerous blood cell (hundred-thousands)
- 200k-800k cells/uL (varies by species)
- function:
- primary hemostasis (clotting)
- role in primary inflammatory response
25
What is indicated in this image?
- platelets: small discoid cytoplasmic fragments
- size: 2-4 um diameter
- nucleus: anucleate (no nucleus)
- granules: red-purple in most species
26
Fill in this diagram
27
What is shown in these images?
- eosinophils
28
Label the image
- A: basophil
- B: neutrophil
- C: eosinophil
29
Label the image
- A: neutrophil
- B: eosinophil
- C: monocyte
30
Label the image
- L: lymphocyte
- R: monocyte
31
What are the components of bone marrow?
- sinusoids
- stromal cells
- hematopoietic cells
- macrophages
32
What are features of sinusoids in bone marrow?
- large lumen
- formed by discontinuous endothelial cells
33
What are features of stromal cells in bone marrow?
- support structure of bone marrow
- composed of: fatty cells, reticular cells, and fibers
- cells occupy the space between stem cells and precursor cells
34
What are features of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow?
- aka hemic tissue
- stem cells and precursor cells of each lineage
35
What are feature of macrophages in bone marrow?
- store iron
- involved in moderating hematopoiesis
- regulate bone formation
36
What are the two kinds of macroscopic bone marrow?
- red marrow
- richer in hematopoietic cells
- produces al blood cells
- stores iron
- yellow marrow
- richer in fatty tissue
- replaces red marrow
- aging change
37
What is indicated in this one marrow biopsy?
- large arrow: boney trabeculae
- small arrow: hematopoietic cells + adipocytes
38
T/F: bone marrow cellularity remains consistent
- false;
- neonate 100%
- young animal ~80%
- older animals ~25-50%
39
What is indicated in the image?
- sinusoidal capillaries
40
T/F: hematopoiesis is a process in which specialized cellular precursors develop into highly differentiated cells of peripheral blood
- true
41
Where does hematopoiesis take place?
- postnatal:
- bone marrow
- proximal end of femur + humerus *
- pelvis *
- sternum *
- ribs
- vertebrae
- scapulae
- skull
- liver (v little)
- spleen (v little)
- prenatal FYI
- yolk sac, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow
42
What are the steps of erythropoiesis?
- rubribast
- prorubricyte
- rubricytes
- metarubricytes
- polychromatophilic RBC
- mature RBC
43
What are the steps of granulopoiesis?
- myeloblast
- promyelocyte
- myelocyte
- metamyelocyte
- band neutrophil
- segmented neutrophil
44
What is granulopoiesis regulated by?
- colony stimulating factors (CSF) and inflammatory cytokines
- occurs in bone marrow
45
What are the steps of monopoiesis?
46
What are the steps of thrombopoiesis?
- pluripotent stem cell
- myeloid stem cell
- megakaryoblast (big arrow)
- promegakaryocyte (regular arrow)
- magekaryocyte (thin arrow)
- platelets
47
T/F: B lymphocytes mature in thymus, T lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (or bursa of fabricius in birds)
- false;
- T lymphocytes mature in thymus,
-B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow (or bursa of fabricius in birds)
48
What is the main site of hematopoiesis in adult mammals? Thymus, spleen, bone marrow, or liver?
- bone marrow
49
Which cells are part of the granulocytic lineage?
- eosinophil
- neutrophil
- basophil
50
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
- protect body against pathogenic organisms and their products and to help in removal/disposal of cells undergoing natural or induced degeneration
- via phagocytosis (macrophages) and production of immunologically competent cells (antigen presenting cells, B+T lymphocytes)
51
What are the primary organs producing lymphocytes?
- bone marrow
- cloacal bursa/ bursa of fabricus (in birds)
- thymus
** produced in marrow, mature in all 3
52
What are the secondary organs responsible for activation and presentation of antigens?
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- mucosal associated lymhoid tissue
- tonsils
53
What are features of primary lymphatic organs?
- where T and B cells originate and their unique features established
- access by antigens strictly controlled (barriers)
- apoptotic elimitation of self-reactive cells
- released to circulation sites where antigens are encountered (secondary organs)
54
What are features of bone marrow?
- sure of pluripotent stem cells (B + T cells)
- background of stromal cells release factors aiding in cell differentiation ad macrophages
55
What is this structure? What are some features?
- cloacal bursa
- dorsal wall of cloaca
- functionally equivalent to mammalian bone marrow
- surface mucosa of bursal fold covered by pseudostratfied columnar epithelium, cortices+ medulla, lymphocytes emigrate through surface epithelium
- basophilic big nuclei, very little cytoplasm
56
What is this structure? What are some functional features?
- thymus
- located in mediastinum cranial to heat in immature animals
- composed of epithelial reticulum (network) and developing lymphocytes
- lymphocytic cells migrate from bone marrow
- fill spaces between reticular epithelial cells of developing organ
- develop into T cells which migrate to areas of secondary organs and MALT
57
What part of the thymus is shown? What are some features?
- darker due to greater number of lymphocytes
- area of POSITIVE selection
- developing lymphocytes/thymocytes
- “good” weak binding, recognize antigens
- tingible body macrophages are near medulla
- phagocytose and eliminate dead/bad T cells (without correct receptor)
58
What part of the thymus is shown? What are some features?
- contains epithelial reticular cells
- area of NEGATIVE selection
- “bad” (autoreactive) lymphocytes phagocytosed by “tingible body” macrophages
-Some medullary reticular epithelial cells form thymic corpuscles or Hassall’s corpuscles
- large central calcified or degenerated cells surounded by concentric circles of keratinized cells
59
What is this structure? What features are indicated?
- thymus
- hassall’s corpuscles
60
What are feature of vascularization in the thymus?
- arteries enter via corticomedullary junction within connective tissue septa
- divide into arterioles within the septa
- branch into capillary network in the cortex (cortical capillaries)
- cortical capillaries > blood thymus barrier
- continuous epithelium
- perivascular connective tissue
- sheath of epithelial reticular cell processes
61
What is the purpose of the blood thymus barrier?
- decreases antigen acccess to thymus
- limits interference with positive T cell selection and recognition of antigen as self
62
What is thymic involution?
- gradual depletion of lymphocytes and replacement by adipocytes after sexual maturity
63
What are the functions of the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- lymph nodes: filter antigens from lymph before returning it to bloodstream
- liver: filters antigens from blood ONLY
- MALT: local immune response
64
What structure is shown? What are some features?
- lymph nodes
- capsule
- dense irregular CT, trabeculae
- cortex
- subcapsular sinus, lymphoid follicles (B cell rich), paracortex (T cell rich), high endothelial blood vessels
- medulla
- medullary cords (lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells), medullary sinus (macrophages, reticular cells)
- stroma
- reticular cells and fibers
65
What is the flow of the lymph node?
- afferent lymphatic vessel > subcapsular sinuses > cortical (trabecular) sinus > medullary sinus > efferent lymphatic vessel
66
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid follicles?
- when stimulated by antigens, histolic morphology changes from primary to secondary
- macrophages present in secondary follicle, and B cells produce antibodies
67
What type of epithelium lines the high endothelial venules? What part of the lymph node are they present in?
- cuboidal endothelium
- cortex
68
What is shown? What structures are indicated?
- medullla of lymph node
- medullary cords
- medullary sinuses
69
What structure is shown? What is indicated?
- medullary sinus off lymph node w/ lattice of fixed macrophages spanning the lumen
- plasma cell
70
What is different about porcine lymph nodes?
- cortex is central, medulla is peripheral
71
What are hemal nodes?
- nodes alongside (not connected) the bloodstream
- seen predominantly in ruminants - dark colour
- rich content of erythrocytes within sinuses
- no lymphatic supply
- near the spleen, kidney, and large blood vessels along entralside of vertebrae
- functions similarly to spleen
72
What are hemolymph nodes?
- in pigs
- lymph node containing RBCs in sinuses as result of hemorrhage in tributary field
73
What are functions of the spleen?
- filters blood
- senescent RBCs and WBCs
- recovers and stores iron
- macrophages of red pulp commonly contain portions of RBCs and hemosiderin
- samples/removes antigens from blood (phagocytosis)
- mounts immune responses against blood-borne antigens _b cells + T cells
- hematopoiesis in fetus, sometimes adults
- storage of RBC in horse, dog, and cat (“storage spleens”)
- more smooth muscle ad elastic in capsule for contraction and release of RBCs into bloodstream
- “defense” spleens have less smooth muscle in capsule (humans and rabbits)
- ruminants and pigs are intermediate
74
What are features of the capsule of the spleen?
- outer capsule is dense CT with underlying smooth muscle and elastic fibers
- capsule gives rise to: trabeculae - collagen, elastic fibers, smooth muscle cells
- each trabeculae contains a central artery or vein
75
What differentiates red and white pulp in the spleen?
- white pulp (basophilic blue)
- modifies cortex
- central arterioles
- periarterial lymphoid sheaths (PALS) - T cells
- follicles - B cells
- red pulp
- modified medulla
- venous sinuses (RBCs) - big component
- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
76
Describe splenic blood flow
- central artery > branches with periarterial lymphatic sheath (white pulp) > penicillary arteries > blind ended capillaries with periarteriolar macrophage (PAMS syn. ellipsoids) (red pulp) > capillaries drain into red pulp parenchyma and hen venous sinuses in OPEN circulation/ capillaries drain into venous sinuses directly in CLOSED circulation
- sinuses only well developed in DOG
77
Where is mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) found?
- gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) > Peyer’s patches
- bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
- tonsil
- ocular
- urogenital
- mammary
78
What is indicated in the image?
- peyer’s patches
79
What is shown in the image?
- peyer’s patch (red dome)
80
What are M-cells?
- specialized epithelial cells
- simple columnar later of microfold (M) cells
- pinocytose GI contents and secrete content on the lymphocytes and macrophages of peyer’s patch
- Mac-macrophage, L-lymphocyte
81
What are lacteals?
82
What are features of lymphatic vessels?
- blind-ended tubes lined by endothelial cells
- absorb fluid from the interstitium, pass it back into bloodstream
- inflammatory cell and antigen movement from peripheral tissue
- lymph flows in one direction from periphery heart
- surrounding tissues compress or expand the vessel
- one-way valve prevents backflow
83
Label the image
- 1: small lymphatic vessel with a valve; clear content , NO RBC
- 2: arteriole - 1-3 Ayer’s of circular smooth muscle cells
- 3: venule - no smooth muscle in the wall
84
Understand how lymphatics drain tissue fluid
- lymphatics delver lymph or lymph nodes - regional monitoring centers for immune response
85
What is this structure? Some features?
