Reproductive System Flashcards
(68 cards)
1
Q
What are the functions of the male reproduction system?
A
- production of male gametes
- production of testosterone
- introduction of male gametes into the female reproductive organs
- production of hormones such as AMH in the male embryo and ABP + inhibin in adults
2
Q
What are the main parts of the male reproductive system?
A
- testis
- epididymus
- ductus deferens
- accessory sex glands (vesicular glands/prostate/bulbourethral)
- external genitalia/penis
3
Q
What are some features of the testis?
A
- foetal migration to scrotum for most species
- surrounded by parietal and visceral vaginal tunics + tunica albuginea
4
Q
A vaginal tunic of the testis is composed of ____________ and has ________ + ________components
A
- mesothelium + a connective tissue layer (out-pouching of peritoneum)
- parietal (upon removal: blends + attached to CT of scrotum)
- visceral (upon removal: surrounds the testis + epididymus)
5
Q
__________ is a capsule of dense CT which lies under the visceral vaginal tunic and separates seminiferous tubules from the mediastinum
A
- tunica albuginea
6
Q
_____________ are highly convoluted loops lined by spermatogenic epithelium, with interstitial cells (leydig cells) between them
A
- seminiferous tubules
7
Q
What is this image of? What are some features?
A
- seminiferous tubules
- lined by spermatogenic epithelium, which is surrounded by lamina propria of collagen and elastic fibers, with interstitial (leydig) cells located between the tubules
8
Q
What are some features of seminiferous tubules and their functions?
A
- spermatogenic cells: progressive maturation through spermatogenic A +B, primary + secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa
- spermatozoa: immotile, in lining of seminiferous tubules
- serotoli cells: line tubules, support spermatogenic cells
- myosin cells: located outside basement membrane of each tubule, move spermatozoa out of tubules
9
Q
Label this figures abbreviations
A
- sertoli cell (SC)
- myoid cell (M)
- fibroblast (F)
- spermatogonia (SG)
- primary spermatocyte (PS)
- early spermatid (ES)
- late spermatid (LS)
10
Q
Tall cells that extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule, have pale oval/triangular nuclei, and in distinct cell borders are ____________, which function to:
A
- Sertoli cells
- support, protect, nourish spermatogenic cells
- secrete supporting seminiferous tubule fluid
- protect (via tight jxns) spermatids from immune system
- hormone production
11
Q
Explain what is occurring during steps 1-4
A
12
Q
How does hormone production in sertoli cells function?
A
- release of androgen binding protein (ABP) in response to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) increases testosterone concentration in seminiferous tubules
- synthesize anti-paranephric duct hormone (APND) in embryo preventing formation of female genitalia
- release inhibin to suppress secretion of FSH (pituitary “-“ feedback)
13
Q
What cell(s) is shown in the photo? What are its features?
A
- interstitial/leydig cells
- occur in clusters between seminiferous tubules
- small, round, dark, eccentric nucleus
- cytoplasm is very eosinophilic and often foamy due to lipids
- secrete testosterone (+ estrogen in boars)
- controlled by ICSH (interstitial cell stimulating hormone) aka luteinizing hormone (LH)
14
Q
What produces testosterone? What are its functions?
A
- interstitial/leydig cells
- high concentrations necessary to maintain spermatogenesis
- responsible for secondary male sex characteristics + libido
- other androgenic effects: stimulates development + secretory activity of male accessory glands
- anabolic effect: stimulates growth of skeletal muscles + bones
15
Q
What is the spermatic pathway?
A
- seminiferous tubules -> straight tubules -> rete testis -> efferent tubules -> epididymus -> ductus (vas) deferens -> urethra
16
Q
What are the kinds intertesticular ducts? What are their features?
A
- straight tubules, rete testis, + efferent ductules
- lined by epithelium varying from squamous to cuboidal to columnar
- rete testis like a sponge that sperm empties into
- efferent ductules have a distinct undulating profile
17
Q
The __________ empties into the ___________ which lead to the epididymus duct
A
- rete testis, efferent ductules
18
Q
What are some features of intertesticular ducts?
A
- site of spermatogenesis
- site of production of sex hormone
- surrounded by a tunicae (tunics)
- parenchyma composed of seminiferous tubules lined w/ spermatogenic epithelium
- interstitial contains leydig cells —> testosterone
19
Q
What is this? What are its parts?
A
- epididymus: one very long coiled tubule surrounded by epithelial tissue
- head (a)
- body (b)
- tail (c)
- vas deferens (d)
20
Q
What is this? What are its features?
A
- epididymal duct
- very long
- lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ stereocilia (increase absorption)
- smooth muscle cells in wall, abundant in tail region
- main functions are fluid resorption (90%) and secretion of glycoproteins, proteins, glycolipids, and lipids
- site of sperm maturation (head, body) and storage (tail)
21
Q
What is this? What are its features?
A
- ductis deferens (vas deferens)
- lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium w stereocilia
- prominent muscularis for peristaltic contractions that propel spermatozoa
- in ruminants + stallions: near the junction w/ the urethra, ductus deferens forms a male accessory gland -> ampulla
22
Q
What are the accessory sex glands and their purpose?
A
- vesicular glands (seminal vesicles)
- ampullary glands
- prostate glands
- bulbourethral glands
- function: add substances to semen to promote fertilization
- lined by simple cuboidal or columnar pseudostratified epithelium
- TUBULOALVEOLAR
23
Q
What feature is shown in this image? What is its function?
A
- vesicular glands/seminal vesicles
- *not present in carnivores
- produce fructose: source of energy for sperm
24
Q
What is shown in this image? What are its features?
A
- prostate gland
- multilobulated gland surrounding urethra
- surrounded by fibroelastic capsule
- branched tubuloalveolar gland
- produces buffers to neutralize acidity of seminal plasma
- glandular tissue (g) surrounded by fibromuscular stroma (s) forming multiple lobules surrounded by smooth muscle (m)
25
What is shown in this image? What are its features?
- bulbourethral gland
- empty into urethra in pelvis
- mucous secretion acts as lubricant in urethra
26
What are features of the penis?
- consists primarily of erectile tissue and the urethra covered by unhaired skin
- corpus cavernosa: paired masses of erectile tissue, irregular vascular spaces lined w/ endothelium between CT trabeculae
- corpus spongiosum: single mass of ereciletissue surrounding urethra, more delicate
27
What are the different kinds of penis? What species are they linked to?
- vascular (stallion/primates)
- fibroelastic (bull, ram, boar)
- intermediate (cat, dog)
28
What is shown in the image? What are its features?
- urethra (male)
- 3 parts:
- prostatic
- pelvic
- penile
-function: removal of urine + passage of semen
- mostly lined by transitional epithelium
29
What are the features of a prepuce?
- external + internal layers
- external: normal haired skin
- internal: covered w/ fine hairs, sweat glands, sebaceous glands for variable distance
-boars have a preputial diverticulum: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- smegma = sloughed epithelial cells + urine
30
What are functions of the female reproductive system?
- production of female gametes (ova > oogenesis)
- endocrine function —> production of sex hormones (mostly estrogen + progesterone)
- reception of male gametes (spermatozoa) + provision of suitable environment for fertilization
- provide environment for foetal development (uterus)
- nutrition of newborn
31
What are the main parts the female reproductive system?
- ovaries
- oviducts (fallopian/uterine tubes)\
- uterus
- cervix
- vagina
- external genitalia (vestibule/vulva)
- associated glands
- mammary gland (covered in integumentary tissue)
32
What are the two main functions of ovaries?
- produce female gametes + produce sex hormones
33
What is shown in the image? What is its basic structure?
- ovary
- cortex: broad peripheral zone containing follicles in various developmental stages
- medulla: contains connective tissue, nerves, blood, and lymph vessels
**in horses, the areas are reversed,with cortical tissue focused around the ovulation fossa
34
What is shown in this picture? Describe its features
- cortex of ovary
- E —> surface is lined by a low cuboidal epithelium (germinal/surface epithelium)
- TA —> tunica albuginea: connective/fibrous tissue (stains blue)
- under the tunica albuginea —> numerous follicles that contain oocytes in various stages of development
- the TA is the outer cortex below the surface epithelium
35
Describe the flow of developmental events of oogonia
36
____________ is the process in which follicles do not ovulate and degenerate; with oocytes, soma pellucida and folllicular cells reabsorbing
- follicular atresia
37
In ____________, upon sexual maturity, one or more ____________ follicles (dormant from birth) undergo maturation during each reproduction cycle. This process is dependent on ?
- folliculogenesis, primordial
- follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) from the adenopophysis (pituitary gland)
38
What is a structure containing an oocyte surrounded by specialized cells; whose size, content, and wrapping vary depending on developmental stage?
- ovarian follicles
39
What is this image of? What are some features?
- primordial folllicles
- primary oocyte in primordial follicle enclosed by flattened, simple squamous follicular cells
- retained in resting stage since formation in the fetal ovary
40
What is this image of? What are some features?
- primary follicle
- primary oocyte enclosed by a simple cuboidal layer of follicular cells
-start forming after puberty (FSH, LH)
41
What is this image of? What are some features?
- secondary follicle
- oocyte enclosed by several layers of follicular cells
- oocyte completes meiosis i —> secondary oocyte (most species)
- follicular cells proliferate via mitosis and are called granulosa cells
42
What are the layers of secondary follicles and their features?
- zona pellucida: thick glycoprotein layer located at the interface between the oocyte and the granulosa cells
- theca interna cells: large, pale-staining, spindle shaped cells that are steroid producing/metabolizing cells
- granulosa cells: require receptors for follicle simulating hormones (FSH) important in development of follicle
43
What is this image of? What are some features?
- tertiary follicle
- become longer, small liquid-filled areas appear between the granulosa cells (antrum)
- antrum enlarges, the oocyte is surrounded by a layer of follicular cells (corona radiata) and sit on a aggregate of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus)
44
What is this image of? What are some features?
- mature (graafian) follicle
- secondary oocyte detaches from cumulus oophorus and floats free in follicular fluid
- now ready to ovulate
- follicular cells acquire luteinizing hormone receptors (LH) necessary for development of corpus luteum
45
What is this image of? What are some features?
- corpus luteum (CL) —-> ovulation > blood into antrum —> corpus hemorrhagiam (CH)
- capillaries from stroma invade and convert it into a temporary endocrine organ (CL) vital to maintaining pregnancy —> secretes progesterone
- lutenization is the process by which the granulosa + theca cells transfer into luteal cells (hypertrophy + hyperplasia)
- in response to LH and FSH, lutein cells produce progesterone/estrogen
- yellow pigment (lutein) appears in the luteal cells of carnivores, mares, and cows (not in sows/ewes/goats)
46
What is this image of? What are some features?
- corpus albicans (CA)
- involution of corpus luteum resulting in a white fibrous scar
47
What’s are some features of the oviduct/s (uterine tube/s)?
- muscular tube from ovary to uterus
- 3 sections:
- infundibulum w/ fimbriae
- ampulla
- isthmus
48
What are the functions of the oviducts?
- receive ovum
- ovum picked up by fimbriae of the infundibulum + directed into oviduct lumen
-provide favorable environment for fertilization (ampulla)
- epithelial secretions promote capacitation of sperm
- transport zygote to uterus for implantation (isthmus)
- cilia assist transport
49
What is this image of? What are some features?
- mucosa of the oviducts
- epithelium is columnar w/ motile cilia on most cells
- non-ciliated cells: have secretory granules in the cytoplasm, secretion provides nutrients to the ovum
50
What is this image of? What are some features?
- uterus
- sterile + inert environment for development of conceptus
- nutrient/oxygen/waste exchange via placenta
- muscles of uterus contribute to birth
51
What is this image of? What are some features?
- endometrium
- glandular mucosa divided into 2 zones:
- functional zone (f): superficial that degenerates after pregnancy or estrus (hormonal dependent)
- basal zone (b): layer that remains after pregnancy or estrus
52
What is this image of? What are some features?
53
What is this image of? What are some features?
- cervix
- thick walled, muscular structure
- endocervix: faces uterus
- ectocervix: faces vagina
- function:
- provides a seal that prevents organisms and substances entering from cranial vagina
- functions as gatekeeper by holding products of conception within uterus until parturition
54
What is this image of? What are some features?
- endocervix
- epithelium: simple columnar w/ mucus secreting cells
- mucosa may have prominent primary, secondary, and tertiary folds
- muscularis: inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers (continuous w/ uterus + vagina)
- serosa
55
What is this image of? What are some features?
- ectocervix
- lined by stratified squamous epithelium
56
What is this image of? What are some features?
- vagina
- fibromuscular tubes/ three layers:
- mucosa
- muscularis
- serosa(cranial) + adventitia (caudal)
57
What are some features of vaginal mucosa?
- numerous folds (rugae) separated by channels of variable depth
- mostly stratified squamous epithelium w/ patches of simple columnar epithelium + mucus producing cells
58
What are some features of vaginal muscularis?
- smooth muscles arranged circularly (inner) and longitudinally (outer)
59
T/F: Cyclical change in hormones cause varying thickness in vaginal epithelium and varying degrees of keratinization
True; can be viewed in routine vaginal smears
60
What is a zygote?
- embryo + foetal membrane
61
What are the parts of the foetal membrane?
- yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
62
What are the functions of the foetal membrane?
- viviparous animals (form placenta)
- supply + storage of nutrients
- respiratory exchange
- excretion
- mechanical protection
- transfer of ImG/passive immunity (humans > K9/feline >> equine/bovine)
- in mammals, hormone production
63
What is the pathway of an embryo?
64
What are the features and functions of the placenta?
- Chorion: layer that contacts the mother, in most species fused w/ allantois (chorioallantois/allantochorion)
- Allantois: contains fetal urine + other fluids arising from the membrane itself
- Amnion: smooth translucent membrane that surrounds the fetus + holds amniotic fluid
65
What are the kinds of placentas?
66
What kind of placenta is this?
- zoonary
67
What kind of placenta is this?
- zoonary
68
What kind of placenta is this?
- diffuse
