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RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are functions of the ear?

A
  • collect auditory stimuli
  • transduce auditory to mechanical and then nervous stimuli
  • transmit nerves impulses to the CNS via the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
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2
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the ear and their features?

A
  • external ear: auricle or pinna, external auditory meatus
  • middle ear: tympanic cavity,tympanic membrane (eardrum), three auditory ossicles, associated ligaments + muscles. Connected to pharynx via auditory (eustachian) tube
  • inner ear: composed of membranous labyrinth enclosed in temporal bone
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3
Q

T/F: the inner ear functions for sound collecting and conducting,while the external and middle ear functions in both hearing and equilibrium

A
  • false;
  • the external/middle ear functions for sound collecting and conducting,
  • while the inner ear functions in both hearing and equilibrium (vestibular system)
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4
Q

What are the parts of the external ear?

A
  • pinna/auricle
  • external auditory meatus: vertical canal, horizontal canal, annular cartilage
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5
Q

What is this structure? What are some features?

A
  • pinna/auricle
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6
Q

What is this structure? What do the various arrows indicate?

A
  • cross section of a ear
  • black arrows:annular cartilage
  • arrowheads: auricular cartilage
  • asterisks: external acoustic meatus
  • white arrow: incudostapedius joint

** tympanic membrane removed

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7
Q

What structure is shown? Label the numbers.

A
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8
Q

What kinds of glands are present in ears? What do they secrete?

A
  • ceruminous glands
    • type of apocrine gland
    • secrete cerumen (ear wax)
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9
Q

What are features of the middle ear?

A
  • tympanic membrane + cavity
  • auditory ossicles
  • auditory (eustachian) tube
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10
Q

What feature is shown? What are some features?

A
  • tympanic cavity
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11
Q

What structure is shown? What are the differences between A and B in regards to species and form?

A
  • tympanic membrane
  • A; horse; tympanum is more round and the manubrium of the malleus forms a very shallow and and is centrally located to the tympanum
  • B; dog; tympanum is oval or comma shaped and the manubrium of the malleus is C-shaped
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12
Q

What is this structure? What are the labeled features?

A
  • tympanic membrane
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13
Q

What is this structure? What species is it found in?

A
  • guttural pouch: ventral expansion of the auditory tube
  • horses
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14
Q

What is this structure? What are some features?

A
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15
Q

What are the parts of the inner ear?

A
  • in petrous temporal bone
  • vestibular apparatus
  • cochlea
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16
Q

What are the organs of equilibrium and motion detection of the vestibular apparatus? What specialized structures do they contain?

A
  • utricle, saccule, 3 semicircular ducts
  • macula utriculi
  • macula sacculi
  • crista ampularis (sensitive to angular changes in acceleration)
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17
Q

What is the organ of hearing?

A
  • cochlea
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18
Q

What is in the spiral organ of the cochlea?

A
  • hair cells
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19
Q

What is this structure?

A
  • spiral organ/organ of corti
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20
Q

What are features of the maculae?

A
  • maculae that run perpendicular to each other are within the utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical)
  • otoliths are located within a gelatinous membrane and their movement bends the sterocilia of neurosensory hair cells
  • detects static equilibrium and linear acceleration
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21
Q

What are features of the semicircular ducts?

A
  • at the base of the semicircular ducts are ampullae containing a crista ampullaris
  • the cupula is gelatinous and movement is detected by stereocilia of neurosensory hair cells
  • detects rotational movement
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22
Q

What is this structure? What are labeled features?

A
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23
Q

What is endolymph?

A
  • fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
    • high in potassium
    • bathes inner ear cells and allows normal function
    • large diverticula (sacs) in reptiles possibly involved in calcium homeostasis
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24
Q

What are special features of the endolymphatic system in amphibians and reptiles?

A
  • result in sac-like structures behind eyes
  • functions in controlling pressure, fluid, and ion concentration (esp. calcium) homeostasis
  • neuroectoderm
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25
What is a special sensory adapation of fish and aquatic amphibians?
- lateral line system - tactile sense organs: detect movements and pressure changes in surrounding water
26
What is this structure?
- lateral line organ
27
What is a special sensory adaptation of snakes? What is its function?
- vomernasal / jacobson’s organ - smell via taste
28
What is a specialized chemoreception organ found in mammals and reptiles
- vomernasal
29
What parts of the eye are ectoderm derived? Mesoderm derived?
- ectoderm - lens - outer epithelium of cornea - epithelium of palpebrae (eyelids) - mesoderm - corneal stroma - sclera - extraocular muscles - ciliary muscles - tunica vasculosa
30
What part of the eye are neuroectoderm derived?
- neuroectoderm of dienchephalon: - optic cup connected by optic stalk - optic cup: retina + pigment layer - optic stalk: optic nerve
31
What is the eyeball or globe composed of?
- lens - 3 layers: - outer fibrous tunic - middle vascular (uveal) tunic - inner retinal (neuroepithelial) tunic - located in the orbit
32
What is the adnexa?
- accessory ocular structures - palpebrae (eyelids) - third eyelid + conjunctiva - lacrimal apparatus
33
What are the tunic layers of the eye?
- fibrous tunic - sclera - cornea - limbus - vascular (uveal) tunic - iridocorneal angle - iris - ciliary body - choroid - neuroepithelial (retinal) tunic
34
What are features of the sclera?
- part of fibrous tunic - posterior portion of the eye - functions: - protects the eye - maintains the shape of the eye - provides insertion points for tendon of extra ocularmuscles
35
What is this structure? What are some features?
- cornea - part of the fibrous tunic - anterior portion of the eye - avascular and transparent - richly supplied by sensory nerves (ophthalmic branch of CN V) - relatively dehydrated to maintain transparency - large regenerative capacity - 5 layers
36
What feature of the eye is this? Label layers
- cornea - 1: anterior corneal epithelium - 2: anterior limiting lamina/subepithelial basement membrane, supporting lining epithelium - 3: substantia propria (corneal stroke, mostly type 1 collagen) - 4: posterior limiting lamina/membrane; Desemet’s membrane, supporting endothelium - 5: posterior epithelium/corneal endothelium
37
What is this structure? Label the numbers. What are some features?
- cornea - descemet’s membrane in grey
38
What factors contribute to corneal transparency?
- lack of blood vessels (avascular) - collagen arrangement - proteoglycans between collagen - Na+/K+ ATPase (adenosine triphosphate) and carbonic anhydrase pumps transport water out - located in anterior + posterior corneal epithelium
39
What is displayed here?
- corneal ulcer
40
What are features of the limbus?
- part of fibrous tunic - corneoscleral junction - where opaque sclera overlaps the transparent cornea. Area has small blood vessels - nutrition for the cornea comes from microvasculature of limbus + aqueous humor
41
What is this structure? Identify some features
- limbus (corneoscleral junction: CSJ) - region where transparent cornea merges with sclera (S) - small blood vessels - epithelium of the limbus is continuous with the conjunctiva (C) that lines the eyelids - I: iris - AC: anterior chamber - PC: posterior chamber
42
What are features of the iris?
- part of the vascular tunic/uvea - stroma - pigmented loose connective tissue - iridial melanin present in the stromal cells determines eye color - dilator and sphincter papillae muscles - posterior epithelium - iridium granules (corpora nigra) are present in equids + ruminants at the dorsal and ventral pupillary margins - iridocorneal angle (filtration or drainage angle)
43
What is this structure? Label the features
- iris
44
What determines eye colour?
- blue: minimal pigment in stroma of iris - increasing pigment in stroma: - green < blue grey < brown - albinism: partial or total lack of melanin pigment in eyes, skin, hair. Recessive gene - have melanocytes (melanin producing cells) but not genes for tyrosinase - “red” color due to hemoglobin in RBCs
45
What are features of the iridocorneal angle?
- at the convergence of corneoscleral junction (limbus), ciliary body, and iris - composed of: - pectinate ligament - trabecular meshwork - trabecular (aqueous) veins - draining point for aqueous humor
46
What is this structure? Label the numbers?
- eye - 1: ciliary body - 2: iris - 3: cornea - 4: lens - 5: optic nerve
47
What are features of the ciliary body?
- part of vascular tunic/uvea - anterior expansion at the choroid level of the lens - mechanical and secretory functions - houses the ciliary muscle - smooth muscle - contracts during accommodation, reduces tension of the zonular fibers of the lens - surrounded by loose CT (elastic fibers, vessels, melanocytes) - receives innervation from CN III (oculomotor n)
48
What structure is indicated? What are some features?
- ciliary processes - located at base of the iris - epithelial surface - 2 layers of low columnar epithelium - nonpigmented: ion transporting forming aqueous humor - pigmented: basement membrane extends to form zonular fibers that suspend the lens
49
What is this structure? Label the numbers
- ciliary process - 1: non-pigmented epithelial cells (form aqueous humor) - 2: pigmented cells - 3: in the aqueous humor - 4: ct w/ vessels
50
Label the structures
- 1: body of lens - 2: lens epithelium - 3: ciliary processes
51
What is this structure? Somme features?
- ciliary body - CB: ciliary body - SL: suspensory ligaments - ICA: iridocorneal angle - CS: canal of schlemm - posterior pigmented epithelium of iris are continuous with nonpigmented epithelium of ciliary body
52
What are features of the aqueous humor?
- occupies anterior and posterior chambers - nourishes the cornea + lens - maintains intraocular pressure - formed by non-pigmented cells of ciliary processes - constant drainage required at iridocorneal angle
53
What is the drainage pathway of aqueous humor?
54
Label the structures
- R: retina - P: pigment epithelium - Ch: choroid - S: sclera
55
What part of the eye is indicated? What are some features?
- choroid - part of vascular tunic/uvea - highly vascularized - anterior: continuous w/ stroma of ciliary body - external: connected to sclera - internal: connected to retinal pigment epithelium - internal to vascular layer: tapetum lucidum
56
What are features of the tapetum lucidum?
- reflective carpet: shiny eyes - increase light perception under poor illumination
57
What are features of the retina?
- neuro-epithelial (retinal) tunic - 1: sensory/optical part: contacts the choroid - 2: non-sensory/ciliary part: inner non-pigmented + outer pigmented ciliary epithelium “pars ciliary retinae” - 3: non-sensory/iridial part: posterior pigmented epithelium “pars iridica retinae”
58
The retina is nourished by:
- vessels of the choroid and by retinal vessels entering via the optic disk
59
What structure is indicated by the red arrow? Black arrow? What tunics are visible?
- choroid - retinal pigment epithelium - fibrous: sclera - vascular: choroid - nervous: retina (+choroid)
60
What tunics are visible? Name some features.
- nervous + vascular
61
What are features of the sensory/optical retina?
- sends visual images to the brain - 10 layers - held in place by vitreous body - combined nerve fiber layers converge on the optic disk to form the optic nerve
62
Label the nervous features indicated
63
How do the neurons of optical retina function? (pathway)
- light passes through layers of retina,stimulates photoreceptor cells (rods + cones) - impulse is passed to bipolar neurons, then to ganglia cells - axons of ganglion cells form the nerve fiber layer. These fibers converge at optic disk (papilla) and leave eye as the optic nerve (CN II) - additional cells with supporting roles include: amacrine cells (interneurons), horizontal cells (regulate input from photoreceptor cells), muller cells (glial cells)
64
What is the path of light and visual perception?
- enter through tear film > cornea > aqueous humor > pupil > lens > vitreous humor > first 8 layers of retina > stimulate photoreceptors(rods + cones) > absorbed by retinal epithelium - visual impulse created then passes in reverse order from rods and cones > bipolar cells > ganglion cells > optic nerves > brain
65
What are features of the retinal pigmented epithelium?
- outermost layer of retina - consist of flat polygonal cells resting on a basement membrane - transport of nutrients and metabolites to the rods + cones, light absorption, phagocytosis
66
What are features of the photoreceptor layer?
- neurons: rods + cones - rods + cones have outer and inner segments connected through a cilium
67
What are features of rods + cones?
- rods: - inner segment is long + thin - contain flattened membranous disks containing pigment rhodopsin (vitamin A) - responsible for vision in dim light (more in nocturnal species) - 120 mil/retina - cones: - inner segment has a broad base - disks contain lodopsin - responsible for vision in bright light + colour - 60 mil/retina - *retinal detachment @ arrow
68
What is the fovea?
69
What is this structure?
- optic nerve
70
What are the refractive media of the eye?
- vitreous body - lens
71
What are features of the vitreous body?
- occupies space between lens + retina; 4/5th of eyeball - 99% water, rich in hyaluronic acid - gel cortex, liquid center - aids in maintaining shape and retinal apposition
72
What are features of lens?
- entirely surrounded by capsule (THICK on anterior surface) - anterior epithelium - simple cuboidal cells - apical towards lens fibers - at the equator, elongate + differentiate into lens fibers - lens fibers - prism-shaped cells, lack nuclei, interdigitate extensively and have gap junctions (transparent) - differentiation and growth of lens throughout life
73
The lens and ciliary body are attached via _______
- zonular fibers
74
What structure is shown?
- ciliary zonular fibers
75
Label the image
- 1: zonular fibers - 2: vitreous humor - 3: pigmented epithelium - 4: sclera venous sinus - 5: non-pigmented epithelium - 6: ciliary processes
76
What is this image showing?
- lens - anterior lens epithelium refelects into the surface of the lens - cells elongate to form lens fibers that comprise the lens (lose nucleus/organelles when mature) - entire lens is contained in a capsule (thicker on anterior surface) - 10: germinalzone - 13: lens capsule - 14: lens epithelium - 15: new lens fibers - 16: old lens fibers
77
Label the structures
- lens - A: capsule - B: subcapsular epithelium - C: lens fibers
78
What are accessory ocular structures?
- eyelid - conjunctiva - cilia (eyelashes) - tarsal (meibomian) glands - sebaceous - third eyelid (nictitating membrane) unique to animals - lacrimal (tear) apparatus - lacrimal glands - lacrimal sac - nasolacrimal duct
79
What are features of the conjunctiva?
80
Anemia can be detected via observation of mucous membranes such as a :
- conjunctiva + third eyelid
81
Label structures
- eyelid (palpebrae)
82
What are features of the nictitating membrane?
- third eyelid - protects eye, removes foreign material - corresponds to a fold of conjunctiva formed by - hyaline cartilage in ruminants + dog - elastic cartilage in horses, pigs, + cats - lined by conjunctiva - aggregated lymphoid nodules are located under the conjunctival surface, can give cobblestone appearance - gland of third eyelid contributes 30-50% of the aqueous portion of the tear film via small ductules.
83
What is this? Some features?
- lacrimal glands - tear film moisturizes, lubricates, and protects the eyes - have tubuloalveolar seromucinous acini compose of secretory cells filled with small granules - myoepithelial cells are present at the base
84
What are the layers of the tear films?
- oily potion is produces by the Meibomian (tarsal) glands, oily portion is superficial layer of the tear film - aqueous potion consisting of sero-mucous material is produced by the lacrimal glands and glands of the third eyelid - mucous portion produced by goblet cels in the conjunctiva
85
What is pecten?
- special adaptation of reptiles + birds - vascular structure that extends from the optic disc to the vitreous body that helps nourish the inner eye/retina - birds have cartilage in the sclera that occasionally ossicles

RUSVM Microscopic Anatomy And Embryology (11 decks)

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