Blood/hemopoiesis Flashcards by Brendan Knapp

Blood=2 things:

formed elements (Cells) + plasma

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Plasma is made of 3 things: ____, ____, and _____. Major proteins include: ____, ____, _____.

Water, protein, solutes

fibrinogen, albumin, globulins

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Erythrocytes have a _____ shape and are 7-8 um in diameter. They have no ___ or ____.

biconcave

nucleus, organelles

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Erythrocytes use _____ for energy. They have _____ _____ that makes bicarbonate to buffer blood.

glucose

carbonic anhydrase

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Erythrocytes stain _____. One third of the RBC mass is ____.

eisonophilic

hemoglobin

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RBCs are destroyed in the liver, bone marrow, and the _____, which is the main area of destruction.

Spleen

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____ are new RBC’s made from ____ ____

reticulocytes

bone marrow

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Reticulocytes contain ____, unlike older RBCs.

mitochondria

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____ ____ ____ is due to a genetic alteration in the hemoglobin beta-globin chain. It is due to single amino acid substitution: ____ is substituted for _____.

Sickle cell anemia

valine, glutamic acid

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In sickle cell anemia, there is denaturation of ____. There is clustering of _____ protein, ____, and _____.

hemoglobin

band 3, ankyrin, spectrin

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In sickle cell anemia, spectrin is defective. This causes diminished ability to transfer ____. This affects the ability of the membrane _____ to assemble and disassemble

ubiquitin

skeleton

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Cells deformed by sickle cell anemia have difficulty passing through _____ sinuses. They get trapped and removed by _____.

splenic

macrophages

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Sickle cells can also adhere to capillary ____ cells. This causes _____ of vessels

endothelial

occlusion

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The spleen of patients with sickle cell anemia is _____ due to sequestration of sickle cells in the ____ and _____.

enlarged

cords, sinuses

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Hereditary spherocytosis is an inherited disorder that causes defects in the RBC _____

membrane

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Spherocytic RBCs have a more _____ and less ____ cell. They are susceptible to destruction by ____ ____

spherical
deformable
splenic macrophages

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What is the relationship of spectrin, band 3, the RBC membrane, and ankryin?

Spectrin attaches to ankryin, which attaches to Band 3, which is located on the rbc membrane.

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Spherocytes have a deficiency in ______. These lack a ____ ___ ___ in blood smears.

spectrin

central pale zone

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Spherocytes have an inability to alter their ____. This results in sequestration in the splenic ____ and failure to pass into splenic ____, enabling destruction by splenic ____.

shape
cords
sinuses
macrophages

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Patients with hereditary spherocytosis exhibit ____ and ____.

anemia, enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)

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____ _____ are indicative of denature Hb (ie in sickle cell anemia)

Heinz bodies

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____ are cell fragements derived from ____ in the bone marrow.

platelets, megakaryocytes

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Three functions of platelets:

blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution

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Platelets contain ____ granules, which are lysosomal in character, and dense core granules, which contain _____, ____, ____, and ____

alpha
serotonin, ADP, ATP, calcium

not sure if we need to know the different granules

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Platelets contain numerous cytoplasmic ____. Importantly, they are a source of ____ compounds, such as thromboxane A2 (derived from _______ metabolism)

microtubules vasoactive cyclo-oxygenase

Upon activation, platelets change from their ____ shape to a more ____ appearance, with extensive ____ of the cell membrane that is associated with rearrangements of the cytoplasm (MT redistribution, rapid polymerization of actin into _____)

discoid flattened ruffling microfilaments

There are three granulocytes associated with the blood:

Neutrophil, basophil, eisonophil

The neutrophil is a granulocyte with a ___ lobed nucleus (can have more lobes when mature).

Neutrophils are terminally differentiated and do not undergo ____. They release _____ compounds, then die

mitosis vasoactive RIP

The_____ is the first phagocytic cell to appear during inflammation. It is the most abundant of the ____

neutrophil | WBCs (white blood cells)

Neutrophils contain specific granules-->small ones with ____ ____ and antibacterial proteins called ____.

alkaline phosphatase | phagocytins

Neutrophils also contain large azurophilic granules with ____ and lysosomal enzymes. These produce ______.

myeloperoxidases | superoxides

Immature neutrophills are called ___ or ____ cells and have horse-shoe shaped nucleus. They are pumped out during ____ ____

stab, band | acute infection

_____ are granulocytes that contain large basophilic granules which contain _____ enzymes, _____, heparan sulfate, and _____ reacting substance. They also secrete _____ factor.

basophils hydrolytic, histamines, slow chemotactic

Basophils have a ____ nucleus. They bind ____ similar to mast cells (in the tissue)

lobed IgE basophils=in blood mast cells=in tissue

_____ are granulocytes with large eisonophilic granules that contain arylsufatase, histaminase, ____ phosphatase, _____, and _____

eisonophils acid ribonuclease, peroxidase

_____ in eisonophils acts to decrease severity of allergic reactions

histaminase

Eisonophils increase in numbers during ____ reactions and ____ infections. They leave the blood stream and enter ____ ___.

allergic, PARASTIC (important) | connective tissue

Eisonophilic granules contain specific granules containing _____

crystalloids | don't know if we need to know

_____ are the biggest of the cells in blood. They are an agranular phagocytic leukocyte with an oval to ____ shaped nucleus

monocytes | reniform (kidney bean)_

Monocytes are special in that they are not _____ _____,.

terminally differentiated

When the monocyte moves from blood into the tissue space, it differentiates into other cells, including: 3 types listed

macrophage, osteoclast, giant cells

Monocytes are important in regulation of _____ _____ and inflammation

immune response

There are 3 types of this mononuclear cell: small, medium, and large.-->__________

lymphocytes large is still smaller than the monocyte

There is very little ____ evident in lymphocytes

cytoplasm

_-lymphocytes are derived from bone marrow and mature in the thymus. _-lymphocytes are derived from bone marrow lymphoid progenitor cells.

T, B

large granular lymphocytes (Called ___ cells) may differentiate into natural killer cells or ___ cells.

null | killer

Bone marrow is more _____ in fetuses than in adults

hematopoietic

In general, T cells have ____ surface projections than B cells

fewer

Adult bone marrow is less hematopoietic than fetal bone marrow because it regresses from the hematopoietic ___ marrow to the resting, __-storing ___ marrow

red | fat, yellow

In the adult, red marrow may be present in 6 main areas:

vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, pelvis, proximal femur

Bone marrow is typically taken from the ____ ____

illiac crest

Cells that are activated in the bone marrow move into the ____ _____

vascular/venous sinus

Pluripotent stem cells can become one of two progenitor cells that relate to hematopiesis:

myeloid progenitor | lymphoid progenitor

Erythrocytes and platelets are derived from _____ progenitor cells

myeloid

Basophils and Eisonophils are derived from _____ progenitor cells

myeloid

B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and Natural killer cells are derived from ____ progenitor cells

lymphoid

Neutrophils and monocytes are derived from ____ progenitor cells

myeloid

Derivatives of myeloid progenitor cells: 6 listed

erythrocytes, platelets, basophiles, eisonophils, neutrophils, monocytes

Derivatives of lymphoid progenitor cells: 3 listed

B, T lymphocytes; Natural killer cells

Differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells is stimulated by various cytokines that are _____-_____ factors

colony stimulating

_____ from the kidney causes CFU-E cells to differentiate into erythroblasts

erythropoietin

Erythropoiesis: ribosomes accumulate in the cytoplasm--called a _____ ______

basophilic erythroblast

Erythropoiesis: ribosomes bind hemoglobin mRNA, synthesize hemoglobin which reduces the cell basophilia--called a ____ _____

polychromatic erythroblast

Erythropoiesis: when hemaglobin concentration increases, the cytoplasm stains paink--called a ____ ____, or a _____

orthochromatic erythroblast; normoblast

The stages of erythroblast formation are based on ____ content. The three erythroblasts, in order, are:

hemoglobin | basophilic-->polychromatic-->orthochromatic (also called normoblast)

Erythropoiesis: As hemoglobin accumulates, the ____ condenses and undergoes a heterochromatic involution

nucleus

Erythropoiesis: The erythrocyte is formed when the cell sheds the ____ and most of the ____ and _____

nucleus | mitochondria, polyribosomes

Hemoglobin from destroyed RBCs degrades into ____ and other materials which are excreted into ____. The other degradation product from RBCs is ____, which is transferred by the serum glycoprotein ___ to bone marrow, where it is used to synthesize new ____.

bilirubin, bile | iron, transferin, hemoglobin

Granulocytes develop from ____ cells

CFU-S

Granulopoiesis (G*): The first recognizable granulocyte precursor is the ____, which has a large euchromatic nucleus with several ___ and no ____ in a basophilic cytoplasm

myeloblast nuclei, granules G* is just an abbreviation i'm using

G*: the cell becomes a ____ from a myeloblast when the cytoplasm accumulates a few ____ granules. The nucleus accumulates _____ and a slight indentation occurs.

promyelocyte azurophillic (non-specific) heterochromatin

G*: ____ differentiation begins as neutrophillic, eisonophillic, or basophilic ____ granules accumulate in the cytoplasm and the nucleus begins to condense and lobulate

promyelocyte | specific

G*: the most mature cell in granulopoiesis is the ____, which has accumulated many specific granules but has yet to complete the process of nuclear ____ and ____.

metamyelocytes | condensation, lobulation

Overall granulopoiesis: ____-->____-->____

myeloblast, promyelocyte, metamyelocyte

Monopoiesis and Lymphopoiesis: Monocytes develop from the same CFU-S cells as _____. However, there is a different developmental process that includes ___ and ____ stages

granulocytes | monoblast, promonocyte

____ develop from lymphoblasts, which are derived from CFU-___ cells

lymphocytes, Ly

Thrombopoisis (T*): ____ are platelet precursors that develop from megakaryoblasts (differentiated __-cells) in response to _____.

megakaryocytes CFU-S thrombopoietin

T*: _____ are very big (100 uM) and exist only in bone marrow. They have a _____ cell that does not divide but becomes larger with the nucleus becoming polyploid by a process of ____.

megakaryocytes multi-lobulated endomitosis

T*: In the bone marrow vascular channels, megakaryocytes slowly release small ____ fragments called ____ into the blood stream

cytoplasmic | platelets

T*: Megakaryocytes fragment when the cell plasma membrane fuses with ____ __ membranes

smooth ER

T*: Platelets get fragmented off of ____ processes into _____

megakaryocyte | sinuses

_____ _____ ____: rapid growth of immature white blood cells. Common in KIDS*.

acute lymphocytic leukemia

____ ____ ____: Unregulated growth of white blood cells from meyloid lineage. Common in ADULTS**

acute myelogenous leukemia

____ ____ ____: B cell cancer mainly in adult males

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

____ ____ ____: unregulated growth of myeloid cells (neutrophils, basophils, eisonophils) in bone marrow. Due to translocation between chromosomes _ and _. Also called a ____ _____ translocation

chronic myelogenous leukemia. 9, 22 Philadelphia chromosome

Blood/hemopoiesis Flashcards

(86 cards)