Sensory Systems-Eye

Question 1

What are the 3 layers of the wall of the eye?

Answer 1

Fibrous coat=outer
Vascular/uveal coat=middle
retinal coat=middle

Question 2

The outer fibrous coat of the eye consists of the ____ and ____

Answer 2

cornea, sclera

Question 3

The vascular/uveal coat of the eye consists of the ____, _____ ____, and _____

Answer 3

iris, ciliary body, choroid

Question 4

The inner retinal coat consists of 2 things:

Answer 4

retinal pigmented epithelium and neural retina

Question 5

There are three chambers of the eye: ___, ___, ____

Answer 5

anterior, posterior, vitreous cavity

Question 6

The ____ chamber is located between the cornea and iris

Answer 6

anterior

Question 7

The ____ chamber is located between the back of the iris and lens, with attached fibers

Answer 7

posterior

Question 8

The _____ is located between the lens and retina

Answer 8

vitreous cavity

Question 9

The cornea is transparent and has a ____ shape to aid in focusing light and images onto the ____

Answer 9

convex

retina

Question 10

The _____ is avascular. Its central part gets nutrients by diffusion from the ____ ____. The peripheral part is supplied by blood from ____ ____.

Answer 10

cornea
aqueous humor
limbus vessels

Fun turek fact that doesn’t fit anywhere: The cornea can be transplanted without rejection.

Question 11

From anterior to posterior, what are the 5 layers of the cornea?

Answer 11

epithelium, bowman’s layer, stroma, decemet’s membrane, corneal endothelium

Question 12

The corneal epithelium is _____ ____ ____ epithelium with small microvilli. It has ____ receptors and can regenerate

Answer 12

non-keratinized stratified squamous

pain

Question 13

The ______ layer of the cornea is a layer of type 1 collagen that cannot regenerate.

Answer 13

bowman’s

Question 14

The stroma of the cornea consists of a lattice of type __ and type ___ collagen fibers with an ECM rich in ____ and ____ ______

Answer 14

1, 5

chondroitin and keratin sulfate

Question 15

_____ membrane is a thick basement membrane produced by corneal _____

Answer 15

decemet’s

endothelium

Question 16

The corneal endothelium surface faces the _____ _____ _____. _____ intracellular spaces prevent leakage of fluid into the corneal stroma

Answer 16

anterior eye chamber

impermeable

Question 17

The sclera is continuous with the cornea and is connected by the _____

Answer 17

limbus

Question 18

The ____ provides protection and structural support, as well as an inesertion point for the extra-ocular muscles.

Answer 18

sclera

Question 19

The limbus is adjacent to the _____ _____ and ____ ____ ____

Answer 19

trabeculae meshwork

canal of schlemm

Question 20

Aqueous humor is produced by the ____ ____ epithelium. Obstruction of the aqueous humor flow leads to increased eye pressure in the eye, which can cause _____

Answer 20

ciliary body

glaucoma

Question 21

What is the pathway for flow of aqueous humor?

Answer 21

ciliary body–>anterior chamber–>trabecular meshwork–>canal of schlemm–>aqeuous veins–>episcleral veins

Question 22

The ____ is the highly vascular nutrient supplier to all eye layers. It contains ____

Answer 22

choroid
melanin

in notes, he talks about the 3 layers, but he said we didn’t need to know those

Question 23

The ciliary body consists of a ____ and _____ portion

Answer 23

uveal

neuroepithelial

Question 24

The uveal portion of the ciliary body consists of the outer layer of the ______ (Called superciliaris), the ciliary muscle attached to the _____ _____, and a layer of _____ _____

Answer 24

choroid
suspensory ligament
fenestrated capillaries

Question 25

The neuroepithelial portion consists of 2 layers of ciliary body epithelium folded to form the ____ ____. Epitheliun in this region produces the ____ ____

Answer 25

ciliary processes | aqueous humor

Question 26

A change in the corneal-irideal angle is the first indication of _____

Answer 26

glaucoma

Question 27

The iris is a continuation of the ____ ___. The anterior part of the uvea has ____ ____ which controls the size of the pupil

Answer 27

ciliary body | smooth muscle

Question 28

The iris contains 2 smooth muscle layers: ____ and ____. Parasympathetic innervation causes ____ of the pupill. Sympathetic innervation causes _____ of the pupil.

Answer 28

circular and radial constriction (via constrictor muscle) dilation (via dilator muscle)

Question 29

The lens is (avascular or vascular), transparent and elastic, and _____ in shape

Answer 29

avascular biconvex

Question 30

The lens is enclosed in a thick basement membrane-like material called the ____

Answer 30

capsule

Question 31

The lens changes in shape when tension on the _____ ____ fibers (_____ fibers) changes.

Answer 31

suspensory ligament | zonular

Question 32

The ____ ____ is gel like and transparent. It consists of water and hyaluronic acid and fills the vitreous chamber. It keeps the ____ and ____ in place

Answer 32

vitreous humor | lens, retina

Question 33

A ____ is opacity of the lens and is associated with aging

Answer 33

cataract

Question 34

What are the first 2 layers of the retinal epithelium?

Answer 34

retinal pigmented epithelium=1 photoreceptors (ie rods and cones)=2 There are 8 others that we don't need to know

Question 35

The retinal pigmented epithelium ____ scattered light rays. It also performs ____ of worn out discs shed from rods. Finally, the RPE stores and release _____ to photo-receptors

Answer 35

absorbs phagocytosis vitamin A

Question 36

A detached retina occurs between what layers of the retina?

Answer 36

Retinal pigmented epithelium and the neural retina (layers 2-10 collectively)--due to embryonic development

Question 37

Rods are tall ____ cells that funcition in ____ light and _____ vision.

Answer 37

cylindrical | low, peripheral

Question 38

The outer segments of rods are modified _____. Rods have discs derived from the plasma membrane that contain _____ pigment, which is a tranducer of light energy.

Answer 38

cilia | rhodopsin

Question 39

Cones are involved in ______ vision and ____ light. The outer segments are modified ____

Answer 39

color, bright | cilia

Question 40

Cones have discs and pigment sensitive to ____, ____, and ____ light in humans. They are located more _____.

Answer 40

red, blue, green | centrally

Question 41

The _____ of the retina contains only cones

Answer 41

fovea

Question 42

New discs of photoreceptors are made from ____ and move ____. Cone discs shed and are replaced more _____ than rods.

Answer 42

below, upward | slowly

Question 43

The ____ ____ is a papilla where optic nerve fibers exit the retina. There are no _____ here.

Answer 43

optic disc | photoreceptors

Question 44

The ____ has no retinal vessels, but ____ ____are abundant on the outside

Answer 44

macula, choroid vessels

Question 45

The _____ is located within the macula and is important for ____ ____

Answer 45

fovea, visual acuity

Question 46

In a detached retina, the ____ retina separates from the retinal pigmented epithelium and from _____ _____ which feed photoreceptors, especially in the fovea.

Answer 46

neural | choroidal capillaries

Question 47

In macular degeneration, the macular area and _____ lose function due to ____ _____ behind the retina degenerating and forming _____ (White spots) and allowing fluid leakage behind the ____.

Answer 47

fovea pigment epithelium drusen fovea

Question 48

In macular degeneration, foveal ____ die, causing (central or peripheral) vision loss, and the loss of the ability to see fine detail.

Answer 48

cones | central

Question 49

In ____ the pressure within the eye is elevated. This occurs because the _____ eye chamber cannot exchange fluid properly by normal aqueous outflow

Answer 49

glaucoma | anterior

Question 50

Increased pressure caused by glaucoma in the vitreous body comprises blood vessels of the ____ ____ and also axons of the _____ cells.

Answer 50

optic nerve | ganglion

Question 51

In retinitis pigmentosa, the (rods or cones) of the (peripheral or central) retina degenerate in early stages of the disease

Answer 51

rods, peripheral

Question 52

Night blindness is the first sign of ____ _____. Patients develop tunnel vision; only the ____ is spared from degeneration

Answer 52

retinitis pigmentosa | fovea

Question 53

A black pigment in the ____ ____ and thinned blood vessels at the ____ _____ head can be observed in retintis pigmentosa

Answer 53

peripheral retina | optic nerve

Question 54

In _____ ____, the eye blood vessels become distorted and multiply. It is treated with laser treatment to stop blood vessel proliferation and _____ _____

Answer 54

diabetic retinopathy | fluid leakage

Question 55

In hereditary retina dsystrophy, there is an inability of the Retinal Pigmented Epithelium to perform this function:

Answer 55

phagocytize worn out discs from rods

Question 56

The lacrimal gland is a compound tuboalveolar gland that secretes tears which drain by ducts into the _____ region. The tears contain _____

Answer 56

conjunctival | lysozymes