Blood histology

Question 1

When comparing Serum and plasma. What are the contents of plasma?

Answer 1

Proteins (fibrinogen) ions, nutrients, gases, hormones, vitamins, enzymes

Question 2

What is the 5 main functions of blood?

Answer 2

Transportation, Stabalizing pH, regulating temperature, and a highway for WBC migration

Question 3

What are the 5 types of fixed cells?

Answer 3

Mast cells, macrophages, adipose cells and fibroblast

Question 4

How do RBCs make energy?

Answer 4

Glycolysis

Question 5

What are the newly synthesized RBCs called?

Answer 5

reticulocyte

Question 6

Define anisocytosis

Answer 6

abnormal size of RBCs

Question 7

What protein is responsible for the shape of the RBCs in order to make them more flexible?

Answer 7

Spectrin

Question 8

What are the membrane proteins on RBCs named?

Answer 8

glycophorin and band 3

Question 9

The removal of bicarbonate in the RBC is done by what two proteins?

Answer 9

glycophorin and band 3

Question 10

A patient who is diagnosed with round convex RBCs has a defect in what 2 proteins?

Answer 10

spectrin and ankyrin

Question 11

Defect in spectrin and ankyrin is called what?

Answer 11

Heriditary spherocytosis

Question 12

Where is the primary location of function for WBCs?

Answer 12

tissues

Question 13

How are WBCs classified as? (2 things)

Answer 13

Granulocytes and agrunolocytes

Question 14

What cells fall under the granulocyte category?

Answer 14

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Question 15

What cells fall under the agranulocyte category?

Answer 15

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 16

During an acute bacterial infection which granulocyte is the first to be at the scene?

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

A patient presents with a pus filled infection. The pus is made up of what two components?

Answer 17

dead neutrophils and bacteria

Question 18

How do Neutrophils select bacteria for phagocytosis?

Answer 18

antibodies and chemoattractor emission

Question 19

When the mitochondria of bacteria bursts, it releases a chemoattractant that is recognized by phagocytic cells. What is the type of chemoattractant?

Answer 19

N-formylated peptide

Question 20

Neutrophils contain two main types of granules. What are they?

Answer 20

1) azurophilic primary granules

2) specific secondary granules

Question 21

Azurophilic primary granules utilize what enzyme to help generate the “bleach” for the denaturation of microorganisms and its neighboring tissue?

Answer 21

myeloperoxidase

Question 22

collagenase is found in which type of granules in the neutrophil?

Answer 22

specific secondary granules

Question 23

Describe the Neutrophil oxidative burst in regards to the killing of microorganisms/

Answer 23

Burst of oxygen consumption leads to the production of superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide. This Reactive O2 radical works with myeolperoxide and halide ions to kill.

Question 24

During the Superoxide production what makes the O2 free radical?

Answer 24

Electron transfer from the NADPH.

Question 25

A patient presents with recurrent bacteria/ fungal infections and has developed granulomas in response to chronic inflammation. The proper diagnosis would be?

Answer 25

Chronic Granulomatous disease

Question 26

A patient with chronic granulomateous disease has a defect in what?

Answer 26

NADPH oxidase enzyme. Which prevents the phagocytic cells to produce superoxide anions.

Question 27

An increase in the granulocyte that would fight a parasite infection would also be responsible for what what kind of reaction?

Answer 27

Allergic reactions

Question 28

Eosinophils would be best stained by what?

Answer 28

Eosin

Question 29

The main specific granule found in Eosinophils is what?

Answer 29

Major basic protein

Question 30

The role of Major Basic protein is to do what? Where will it be located?

Answer 30

denature proteins on the plasma membrane of other cells. Internum

Question 31

The reason for the lowered incidence of Chrons disease in developing countries is due to what?

Answer 31

Parasites within the body that keep leukocytes especially eosinophils from activating.

Question 32

Basophils have what immunoglobulin receptor on there membrane?

Answer 32

IgE

Question 33

Basophils during infections secrete what two things from their specific granules?

Answer 33

Heparin and Histamine

Question 34

When comparing mast cells and basophils, there seems to be no difference except in there locations. Where would you find both of them?

Answer 34

1) mast cell- connective tissue | 2) basophil- blood

Question 35

Platelets are derived from what giant precursor?

Answer 35

Megakaryocytes

Question 36

Platelets are activated by the presence of what?

Answer 36

Collagen

Question 37

Platelets have an extensive cytoskeleton what is essential for their clot retraction?

Answer 37

actin-myosin

Question 38

What stimulates blood coagulation in the platelets?

Answer 38

Platelet factor IV

Question 39

Platelets also function in wound repair by secreting two things that will eventually promote the invasion of fibroblast to form a scar. what are those two things called?

Answer 39

Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) | Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)

Question 40

Methylene Blue is what kind of Dye and what does it stain?

Answer 40

1) basic dye | 2) stains acidic cellullar structures

Question 41

Eosin is what kind of dye and what does it stain?

Answer 41

1) acid dye | 2) stains basic cellular structures

Question 42

DNA will stain what color?

Answer 42

Blue

Question 43

Hemoglobin will stain what color?

Answer 43

pink/red

Question 44

Which type of blood cell can live the longest in the human body?

Answer 44

Lymphocytes

Question 45

When looking at an Electron micrograph, what is the distinguishable feature of a eosinophil?

Answer 45

you can see the stripe that goes across its granules This stripe is the so-called internum, which is where the major basic protein is found.