Blood part 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
3 functions of blood
A
Transport, acid-base balance, protective
2
Q
Components of blood’s transport function (5)
A
Respiratory, nutritive, excretory, hormones, temp. regulation (heat dissipates in fluid)
3
Q
Normal blood pH range
A
7.30 - 7.45
4
Q
2 things to not about blood’s protective function (2)
A
Vs invading organisms + blood/cells and proteins part of defense mechanisms
5
Q
2 fluid compartments blood contains
A
ECF (plasma) and ICF (blood cells)
6
Q
2 ways of studying blood
A
in vivo, in vitro
7
Q
Normal blood volume
A
normovolemia
8
Q
Lower blood volume
A
hypovolemia
9
Q
Higher blood volume
A
hypervolemia
10
Q
Centrifuged blood composition
A
Plasma 55% Buffy layer (WBCs and platelets) <1% RBCs 45%
11
Q
Hematocrit def.
A
% of blood volume occupied by RBCs
12
Q
synonym for RBCs
A
erythrocytes
13
Q
Hematocrit formula
A
Ht = (height of erythrocyte column/height of whole blood column ) * 100
14
Q
Normal value for hematocrit and value for women
A
45%, women = slightly lower than 45%
15
Q
Complete blood count (CBC) what it is
A
Report giving counts of different cell types in the blood and information about the blood (RBCs, types of WBCs, hematocrit, etc)
16
Q
Blood volume % of body weight
A
7-8% of body weight
17
Q
Blood volume in 70 kg male
A
5 - 5.5 L
18
Q
TOTAL Blood volume occupied by RBCs
A
45% * 5 = 2.25 L
19
Q
TOTAL Blood volume occupied by Plasma
A
2.75 L
20
Q
Composition of plasma 4 things that are found and what fluid compartment this composition ressembles
A
water, ions, other molecules, proteins
21
Q
Water in plasma
A
More than 90% of it
22
Q
Ions in plasma and their concentration
A
Na+, K+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Cl -, HCO3 -, PO4 -
23
Q
Approx. of ion concentration in plasma
A
Approximated by physiological saline 0.9 g/dL NaCl
24
Q
Other molecules in plasma
A
O2, CO2 (constant turnover volume - turnover = replacement), glucose, amino acids, lipids, urea, lactic acid
25
Proteins in plasma
Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen (3 major groups, categories)
26
What kind of molecule are the plasma proteins (+ meaning)
Colloids. = dispersed insoluble molecules in suspension
27
Proportion of proteins in plasma
7g %
28
4 methods of protein seperation
Differential precipitation by salts
Sedimentation in ultracentrifuge
Electrophoretic mobility
Immunological characteristics
29
Differential precipitation by salts principle
Seperated in diff. proportions depending on salt concentration
30
Electrophoresis def.
Fractioning method based on movement of charged particles along a voltage gradient
31
What influences rate of migration of proteins during electrophoresis
Number and distribution of charges + molar weight of each protein
32
Proteins charge and pH of plasma and why
Most of them are negatively charged at plasma pH because avec NH2 and COO-
33
Electrophoresis steps with plasma
Drop of plasma on negative end, prots migrate to positive end, Protein dye applied to see bands (stains)
34
On what liquid electrophoresis of plasma done
Serum (plasma without cloting proteins) so it doesn't clot in presence of fibrinogen
35
Electrophoresis scan utility
graph -> measure area under each peak = know amount or concentr. of each protein group
36
Plasma electophoretic pattern (from + to -) and RELATIVE amount if 1 = few and 4 = a lot
Albumin (4) , alpha 1 globulins (1), alpha 2 globulins (3), beta globulins, Fibrinogen, gamma globulins
37
Serum electrophoretic pattern
No Fibrinogen peak
38
Renal disease consequence
Proteins lost from blood to urine
39
Electrophoretic pattern in renal disease
Lower albumin peak (smaller one so first to be lost in urine)
40
Bacterial infection consequence on electrophoretic pattern
Production of immunoglobulins -> more gamma globulins (higher peak)
41
Where albumin produced
liver (specific cells)
42
Where fibrinogen produced
liver (specific cells)
43
Where globulins produced
alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta globulins in liver (specific cells). gamma globulins in lymphoid tissue)
44
consequence of liver disease
Plasma proteins levels are lowered
45
what is a K or KDa
kilodalton -> g/mol
46
Albumin properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)
oval, 69 KDa, 4g %
47
Globulins properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)
multiple shapes (very heterogeneous category) : circular, elongated, oval ; 90-800 KDa, 2.7g %
48
Fibrinogen properties (shape, MW in KDa, concentration in g%)
elongated. 350 KDa, 0.3g %
49
Role of plasma protein
Determining fluid distribution between plasma and ISF by controlling transcapillary dynamics
50
Membranes between major subcompartments and their permeability to ions (and water)
cell membrane between ECF and ISF : impermeable to ions. capillary wall between ISF and plasma : permeable to water and ions
51
ICF, ECF, ISF and plasma % of body mass
40% ICF, 20% ECF (15% ISF, 5% plasma)
52
relative concentrations of ions in ICF
lot of K+, lot of PO4 3-, protein anions, others
53
relative concentrations of ions in ISF
lot of Na+, lot of Cl -, HCO 3-, others
54
relative concentration of ions in plasma
lot of Na+, lot of Cl-, HCO 3-, *** protein anions ***, others
55
Difference plasma vs ISF
Plasma = more protein (7g/dL) than ISF
56
Estimation of ECF concentration (2 values)
Approximated by a 0.9% solution of NaCl = 300 mOsm
57
T/F : ISF no protein
F : but it is relatively poor in protein
58
Ionic composition and osmotic pressure of ISF and plasma
Both : 0.9% NaCl, 300 mOsm, o.p. = 6.7 atm = 5100 mmHg
59
What is necessary for NET flow of water between compartments
there has to be a difference in osmotic pressure
60
T/F : adding ions to plasma or ISF contributes to a difference in osmotic pressure between plasma/ISF
F : ions cross capillary wall freely
61
What do we call osmotic pressure of a solution that creates a difference between o.p of 2 compartments
effective o.p.
62
What can contribute to effective o.p
Non-diffusible solutes
63
What solutes do not contribute to effective o.p and why
Diffusible solutes -> they become equally distributed on both sides of membrane
64
Plasma proteins diff. or non diff. + conseq
Non-diffusible -> osmotic effect
65
Name of the osmotic effect of plasma proteins
Colloidal osmotic pressure or Oncotic pressure
66
Value of Colloidal osmotic pressure (c.o.p) or Oncotic pressure
= 25 mmHg
67
What happens if c.o.p increases
more water flows in plasma
68
What happens if c.o.p decreases
more water flows in ISF
69
what is bulk flow
flow of molecules subjected to a pressure difference
70
Magnitude of bulk flow directly proportional to what
hydrostatic pressure difference
71
Filtration
bulk flow across a porous membrane (which acts as a sieve withholding some particles)
72
Two mechanisms across capillaries and what they do
Filtration : tends to push fluid out of capillaries
| Osmotic flow : tends to pull fluid or retain fluid in capillaries
73
What are called the two important transport mechanisms across capillary wall
Starling forces
74
Circulatory system 5 types of blood vessels
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
75
Where exchanges between plasma/ISF take place
Capillary bed (in capillaries)
76
Why exchanges can't take place between ISF/plasma in blood vessels other than capillaries
walls too thick
77
What diffusion does at the level of capillary wall
responsible for exchange of nutrients, gases, wastes
78
What Starling forces do
Determine distribution of ECF volume between Plasma and ICF
79
Filtration is due to what pressure
blood pressure (from heart) -> hydrostatic pressure diff.
80
Osmotic flow is due to what pressure
C.O.P or oncotic pressure
81
Blood pressure at arterial end of capillary + consequence
35 mm Hg fluid wants to go out of capillary
82
Blood pressure at venous end of capillary + consequence
15 mm Hg fluid wants to go out of capillary
83
C.O.P value and consequence
25 mm Hg fluid wants to go in the capillary
84
Pressure at arterial end and venous end of capillary : name and consequence
Arterial end : Net filtration pressure of 10 mm Hg
| Venous end : Net absorption pressure of 10 mm Hg
85
Where exchanges (filtration/absorption) take place in the capillary and how what happens with net pressure
Along the whole length of the capillary. Net pressure changes
86
Percentage of fluid filtered out that is reabsorbed back into the capillary and where rest goes
90%. 10% (excess) drained by lymphatic vessels.
87
Lymphatic system 4 steps
Network of blind-ended terminal tubules -> Lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts -> drain in large veins of the chest
88
Daily basis : total blood flow in capillaries
6000 L
89
Daily basis : Volume filtered in ISF and what happens to it
20 L filtered into ISF. 17 L returned by absorption. 3 L returned by lymph drainage
90
Lymphatic vessel composition and permeability to different substances
Highly permeable to ISF constituents (fluid, solutes) and proteins that escape capillary wall and go into ISF
91
What osmotic pressure of a solution depends on
NUMBER of osmotically active particles per unit of volume. (not configuration, size or shape)
92
Osmotic pressure exerted by each protein fraction is directly related to
its concentration in the plasma
93
Osmotic pressure exerted by each protein fraction is inversly related to
its MW (molecular weight) (for a same weight, a higher molecular weight means less particles)
94
For 1 g of a plasma protein, which plasma protein will have the most particles
albumin (lowest molec. weight)
95
C.O.P of albumin
20 mm Hg (contributes to 80% of C.O.P)
96
C.O.P of globulins
5 mm Hg
97
C.O.P of fibrinogen
< 1 mm Hg
98
plasma protein that has the most important role in fluid shifts across capillary wall
albumin
