Immunology 4th lecture

Question 1

Interleukin is released by

Answer 1

TH2 cell (T helper 2 cell)

Question 2

TH2 is involved in _________ and TH1 is involved in __________

Answer 2

humoral response, cell-mediated response,

Question 3

We do not react to what we eat and breathe so _________ is __________

Answer 3

MALT is tolerogenic

Question 4

what is myeloma

Answer 4

plasma cell cancer

Question 5

V and C on antibody molecule

Answer 5

v = variable region c = constant region

Question 6

What C1q, C3, C5, C9 do

Answer 6

C1q binds to antibody:antigen complex by the heavy chains. C3 and C5 call neutrophils for phagocytosis. C9 punches the hole in the bacterial membrane

Question 7

In the selective theory of antibody production, the __________ selects an __________

Answer 7

antigen selects an antibody

Question 8

what can produce antibodies specific to an antigen

Answer 8

Activated B cell and its clone

Question 9

Pre-B cell has a ______________

Answer 9

primitive surface immunoglobulin

Question 10

Pro B cell, where what it is doing + charact.

Answer 10

In bone marrow, waiting to be specified to a particular antigen. No surface immunoglobulin. Expresses RAG1 and RAG2 (Rearrangement activating gene)

Question 11

Pre-B where produced, what it has, what it does

Answer 11

Produced in bone marrow, Has 1) primitive surface Ig. 2) Expresses RAG1 and RAG2 + It acquires specificity in bone marrow

Question 12

B cell where it is, where it goes, what it has

Answer 12

bone marrow, mature surface Ig, expresses Rag1 and Rag2, will go to lymph node

Question 13

Plasma cell where it is, charac.

Answer 13

Lives in bone marrow (but will go to plasma …?) , major producer of immunoglobulin.

Question 14

B cell specificity is aquired (in development) somewhere between ____ and ____

Answer 14

Pre-B cell and B cell

Question 15

Specificity is acquired from __________

Answer 15

randomness

Question 16

how many sites on gene coding for heavy chain and name them

Answer 16

4 sites : C (constant) V (variable) D (diverse) J (joining)

Question 17

What can the constant region be in the Ig

Answer 17

mu, alpha, gamma and delta (prof says possibly one other -> epsilon ..?)

Question 18

In region C (constant) in gene for Ig, we see that there are more than one possibilities for a certain class of Ig. How many for each class

Answer 18

1 mu, 2 alphas, 4 gammas, 1 delta

Question 19

What’s the constant region of every first randomly selected Ig molecule to be made ?

Answer 19

Mu (cause IgM first to be produced)

Question 20

what sites on the Ig gene make the variable region

Answer 20

V (variable) D (diverse) J (joining)

Question 21

How many possibilities (exons ?) for each site on the Ig gene ?

Answer 21

V -> 50 D -> 25 J -> 6 and C -> one of each

Question 22

When doing Ig, you have a RNA transcript for the ____________ and a RNA transcript for the _______________. You have _________ possibilities for the __________ and we assume there are also ____________ possibilities for the __________. Therefore, (real) total amount of possibilites for Ig is __________.

Answer 22

heavy chain, light chain, 7500 heavy chain, 7500 assumed light chain. 53 million.

Question 23

What is common to Pro-B, Pre-B and B cells and what does that do ?

Answer 23

Expression of RAG1 and RAG2 (rearrangement activating gene) –> allows shuffling in possibilities for Ig gene sites

Question 24

what is TdT and what does it doe

Answer 24

Terminal deoxyribonucleotidal tranferase. Allows one end of the DNA to come off and be replaced by another nucleotide

Question 25

How do you end up with 100 billion specificities (53 million only before) ?

Answer 25

Mechanisms shuffle things up and create more possibilities. TdT is one of them

Question 26

After _______ are produced for the humoral immune response, their ___________ has to remain the same but the ___________ changes

Answer 26

immunoglobulins, specificity, heavy chain (class)

Question 27

Immune cells that have a specificity against self are destroyed in the ________ and also in the _________ (less well known mechanism). They represent ___% of specified cells and this is called ___________.

Answer 27

thymus. bone marrow. 95. central immune tolerance

Question 28

What happens after immune response

Answer 28

Many B cells and T cells produced (we don't need all of them) take too much space so they kill themselves using a process called programmed cell death (or apoptosis)

Question 29

where is memory stored for a second immune response

Answer 29

Apical light zone of germinal center

Question 30

what is called immune response for the first time we detect foreign antigen

Answer 30

Primary immune response

Question 31

What is a secondary immune response

Answer 31

Any immune response for a particular antigen that isn't the first one

Question 32

What is produced on secondary immune response and by what

Answer 32

Memory cells produce high qt. of IgG right away (no more IgM produced first)

Question 33

3 cells that can encounter and recognize antibody WITH SPECIFICITY

Answer 33

B cell, T helper cell, T cytotoxic cell

Question 34

B cells what they do once activated and how activated

Answer 34

Activated with help of TH2 proliferate into clone -> memory cells and plasma cells.

Question 35

Cytotoxic cells what activates them and what that helps in

Answer 35

TH1 -> cell-mediated immune response. Response to viruses, grafts, etc.

Question 36

function of T regulatory cell

Answer 36

Downregulates immune response in adult and creates tolerance to self antigens. Is antiinflammatory, antiimmune response

Question 37

TCR (____) and sIg (___) are formed ______ in _______ and are not formed in response to an __________ stimulation.

Answer 37

T cell receptor. surface immunoglobulin. randomly. in utero. antigenic

Question 38

Early T cells are ________

Answer 38

double positive (CD4+ and CD8+)

Question 39

Mature T cells that leave the thymus (5% that survived) is ____________

Answer 39

either CD4+ or CD8+, not both

Question 40

T cells have a lot of ________ (different categories)

Answer 40

multiplicity

Question 41

CD4+ and CD8+ are not only designation but they are physical _________ that bind T cells to _________ and ________

Answer 41

receptors. MHC II region on MHC-peptide complex of APC and MHC I region on MHC-peptide complex on target cell (like virally infected cell)

Question 42

What is called the process where 5% cells kept

Answer 42

Clonal selection

Question 43

What is called the process where 95% cells left out

Answer 43

Clonal deletion

Question 44

Duration of central immune tolerance (selection for reactivity to MHC-peptide/tolerance)

Answer 44

Lifetime (is a life-long phenomenon)

Question 45

Cells that recognize MHCs ______ or _______ are both deleted (determines which cells deleted in thymus)

Answer 45

not at all or too well.

Question 46

T of F : lymphoid cells not involved in innate immune response

Answer 46

false : Innate lymphoid cells discovered

Question 47

Do antibodies remain in the blood ?

Answer 47

Yes, in very low quantities but for many years