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Blood (Petronini) Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is Hematocrit?

A

Ratio between RBC volume and total blood volume .

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2
Q

Examples of anticoagulants?

A

Heparin , EDTA

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3
Q

What is serum?

A

Is the liquid part that remains after blood coagulation, fibrinogen converts into fibrin

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4
Q

What is the main function of albumin ?

A

Osmotic balance

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5
Q

Erythrocyte count ?

A

5-6 million/mm3

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6
Q

Erythrocyte count ?

A

5-6 million/mm3

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7
Q

Leukocyte count ?

A

5000-10000/mm3

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8
Q

Platelet count ?

A

250000-400000/mm3

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9
Q

Concentration of K+ in cells and blood?

A

139 in the cell and 4 in the blood

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10
Q

Concentration of Na in the cell and blood?

A

12 in the cell and 145 in the blood

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11
Q

Concentration of Ca+ in the cell and blood?

A

Less than 0.0002mM in the cell and 1.8 in the blood

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12
Q

Proteins constitute ___ % of plasma ?

A

6-8%,
albumin: 3.5-4.6%
Globulin: 1.9-2.8%
Fibrinogen: 0.2-0.5%

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13
Q

Lifespan of erythrocytes is?

A

About 120 days

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14
Q

Lifespan of platelets is ?

A

About 10 days

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15
Q

Proportion of lymphocytes ?

A

T lymphocytes 75%
B lymphocytes 15%
NK 10%

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16
Q

CD4/CD8 ratio ?

A

2:1

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17
Q

Two types of dendritic cells ?

A

Follicular dentritic cells present in cortical zone and interdigitating
present in paracortical zone

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18
Q

Leukocytes formula ?

A

Neutrophils 65%
Lymphocytes 25%
Monocytes 6%
Eosinophils 3%
Basophils 1%

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19
Q

During allergic reaction which immunoglobulin is affected ?

A

IgE

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20
Q

Total hemoglobin content (g/100ml) ?

21
Q

What is IL-3 ?

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A

Multipotent colony stimulating factor
Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a cytokine that stimulates the growth of various progenitor cells and promotes the survival of macrophages, mast cells, and megakaryocytes

22
Q

What is IL-5 ?

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A

Production of eosinophils

23
Q

What is IL-7?

Study These Flashcards
A

Production of B and T lymphocytes

24
Q

1 BFU-E =

25
1 CFU- E =
64 erythrocytes
26
HIF ( hypoxia induced factor)is composed of ?
Alpha and Beta subunits
27
what is plasma of the blood?
a is the acellular liquid part of the blood; it consists of water containing proteins, hormones, nutrients, electrolytes, catabolites and other components
28
What is myeloma?
it is tumor that rices from the plasma cells
28
Gamma globulins are _______?
antibodies
29
What are the Natural Killer cells involved in?
Destroying cancerous cells and Virus infected cells
29
Red blood cells are removed by the process called?
Hemocatheresis , in the red pulp of the spleen
30
bacterial infections cause the increase in?
neutrophils, neutrophilia
30
What do mast cells do?
produce histamines, play a role in allergic reactions, determine an inflammation process. They synthesize the histamines from histidine
31
viral infections cause the increase in?
lymphocytes, lymphocytosis
31
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV):
measures the average size of red blood cells
31
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC):
measures hemoglobin in red blood cells. In addition, it includes a calculation of the size and volume of red blood cell
32
Corpuscular hemoglobin average (MCH):
measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell.
33
Red cell distribution width (RDW):
measures differences in the volume and size of red blood cells
34
Where does Hematopoiesis take place?
* First 2 months of intrauterine life: yolk sack * Up to 6-7 months of intrauterine life: liver and spleen * Birth: bone marrow; hemopoiesis at the level of the bone marrow begins from the 4 months of intrauterine life and at birth all bone marrow is hemopoietically active * Adult: hemopoietic function is maintained at the level of the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull and pelvic bones (flat bones) and at the level of the epiphyseal proximal regions of the humerus and femur, long bones
35
The first step of hematopoiesis is the formation of 2 different lineages:
Myeloid stem Cells, that originate several cells: o Platelets o Erythrocytes o Eosinophils o Neutrophils o Basophils Lymphoid stem cells, that originate: o B lymphocytes o T lymphocytes o NK cells
35
__________Important for the the production and the activation of Eosinophils
IL-5
35
Hematopoietic stem cells can be divided into:
* long-term self-renewing HSC * short-term self-renewing HSC * multipotent progenitor cells. They give rise to common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs, the precursors of all lymphoid cells) and common myeloid progenitors (CMPS, the precursors of all myeloid cells)
36
describe the Erythropoiesis?
The first cells that are involved in the Erythropoiesis process are the hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to BFU-E (Erythroid Burst Forming Unit); After BFU-E we have the formation of CFU-E; Then we have the formation of Pronormoblast; Basophilic erythroblast; Polychromatophilic erythroblast; Normoblast; Reticulocyte, that loses the nucleus (indeed human erythrocytes do not present nucleus). From 1 Erythroid colony forming unit (CFU-E) we obtain 64 erythrocytes. From 1 BFU-E cell we obtain 64 CFU-E. Therefore, from one BFU-E we obtain a lot of erythrocytes
36
__________ also know as “multi potent colony stimulating factor” because it acts in the early steps of the Hematopoiesis.
IL-3
37
Hematopoiesis is regulated by ______________________
Cytokines, that are called Hematopoietic cytokines.
37
__________ important for Lymphocytes production
IL-7
37
GM-CSF stands for?
(Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
38
________________ is an important cytokine of erythropoiesis.
EPO (erythropoietin) EPO stimulates CFU-E cell, indeed CFU-E has a receptor that binds EPO with high affinity. Most responsive receptor! To stimulate BFU-E cells we need a concentration of EPO that is 10 times higher than normal, because BFU-E’s receptors have less affinity for EPO. Hypoxia induces kidney EPO expression (the sensor of level oxygen is in the kidney). Then the EPO is transported to bone marrow where induces the production of red cells
39
Characteristics of EPO:
* It’s the most important general hormone factor for erythropoiesis. * It is also called hemopoietin or erythrocyte stimulating factor. * It is secreted by peritubular capillaries of kidney. A small quantity is also secreted from the liver and brain. * Hypoxia is the stimulant for the secretion of EPO. * It controls the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. * It was the first hematopoietic growth factor to be cloned and has been available as a drug (rhuepo) since 1988. * Ex. of erythropoietin use: ANEMIA from renal failure and other forms of anemia.

General Pathology (16 decks)

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