Cellular Adaptation of Growth and Differentiation Petronini Flashcards
Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy and metaplasia are _________ adaptations, unlike
dysplasia
reversible
_________ is an increase in the volume of an organ induced by an increase in the number of
cells that compose that organ.
Hyperplasia
___________is an increase in the volume of an organ as a result of an increasing of the volume of
the cells.
Hypertrophy
what is neoplasm?
A neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells in the body that can be benign, precancerous, or malignan
_________________ is a characteristic of tissues composed of permanent cells; some organs increase the
volume by hyperplasia and by hypertrophy, an example is the liver.
Hypertrophy
Cells can be divided into ____________________
labile cells (constantly divide), stable (divide when needed), and permanent cells (dont divide).
________ is typical of
tissues composed of labile cells; also stable cells can participate to hyperplasia.
Hyperplasia
which cytokines are important in liver compensatory hyperplasia?
Tumours Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF
alpha) and IL-6, which are pro-inflammatory cytokine
what is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
Liver regeneration
what are the types of hyperplasia?
Pathological, physiological, compensatory
what is an example of physiological hyperplasia?
proliferation of glandular epithelium of breast during puberty or pregnancy
which growth factors are important in liver compensatory hyperplasia?
HGF and
TGF alpha.
TGF alpha binds to another receptor called
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR).
Hepatocytes Growth Factor (HGF) induces
cell proliferation after binding the receptor
called Met.
HGF is also called scatter factor because it is
involved not only in the liver but also in other
aspect related to mobility.
What is c-myc?
C-myc is a Transcriptional Factor which binds to the DNA, more exactly it binds in
the promoter or enhances region of genes that codifies for proteins involved in the transition G0 or
G1 to S
Hyperplasia of the intestinal villi due to:
Lactation, pregnancy, diabetes
Hypoplasia of the intestinal villi due to:
prolonged fasting
Hyperplasia at the ___________ level is due to testosterone or androgenic stimulation.
prostatic
We have _______________ when there is an excessive hormonal stimulation: when there is an imbalance between estrogens and progesterone (or progestin in
general)
pathological hyperplasia
______________ is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that affects 1-2% of the population; it’s a
multifactorial disease and it’s due to a defect in the control of cells proliferation and in the control of
cells differentiation.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is considered an auto-immune disease.
Also stress affects this disease because stress affects our immune system.
During Psoriasis the proliferative activity of the basal layer is increased by ___ times (defect in cell
proliferation).
The differentiation process is not complete and the transition - instead of ____ weeks - lasts __days
10, 2-4, 4
Hypertrophy can be ?
Physiological and pathological
Why do cells get bigger during hypertrophy?
There is more protein synthesized
what does Atrial Natriuretic Factor
(ANF) induce?
induces the
kidneys to release more
water, so the volume of
blood is reduced and also
blood pressure values are
reduced
can you find cells with more than 2 sets of chromosomes in the liver and the heart?
yes, they increase the volume of the cells by
increasing the number of chromosomes. These cells are unable to divide but they are able to
duplicate the DNA.
Hypotrophy can be?
Physiological (embryonic and fetal development) and Pathological (reduction of the workload)
