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General Pathology > Environmental and Nutritional diseases (Bianchi) > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutritional diseases (Bianchi) Flashcards

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1
Q

The definition of Environmental disease?

A

conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient,
workplace, and personal environment, including diseases of nutritional origin

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2
Q

The major environmental determinants?

A
  • air pollutants
  • food and water (toxic agents)
  • occupational exposure

and personal habits should be considered

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3
Q

Chemicals or drugs that induce the CYP activity?

A
  • Drugs
  • Smoking
  • alcohol
  • hormones
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4
Q

what is Xenobiotic?

A

A xenobiotic is a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present within the organism

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5
Q

Chemicals or drugs that inhibit the CYP activity?

A

Azoles: ketoconazole, fluconazole
Antibiotics: sulfonamides, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, macrolides, isoniazid
Cimetidine
Omeprazole
Sodium valproate
Grapefruit

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6
Q

what is Cytochrome p450?

A

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are membrane-bound hemoproteins that play a pivotal role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, cellular metabolism and homeostasis.

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7
Q

where is cytochrome 450 found

A

Endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of liver cells

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8
Q

Pollutants, according to their concentration into the
atmosphere, can be classified as follows:

A

Macropollutants: substances whose concentrations in the atmosphere
are in the order of mg/m3 or µg/m3
such as, for example CO, CO2
, NO,
NO2
, SO2
, O3
, particulate matter

Micropollutants: substances whose concentrations in the atmosphere
are of the order of ng/m3
such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
dioxins.

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9
Q

Depending on their origin, pollutants can be classified into:

A

Primary (toxic) SO2 and HF

Secondary (derive from primary ones) O3, H2SO4 and HNO3

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10
Q

What is Ozone (O3)?

A
  • a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing
    properties
  • formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light, degrades
    either organic or inorganic material
  • it differs from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3)
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11
Q

Reduction of the Ozone layer is associated with the incidence of ?

A

Skin cancer

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12
Q

what is Atmospheric dust?

A

a mixture of solid and liquid particles which
vary in size, composition and origin.

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13
Q

Atmospheric dust is defined in various ways:

A
  • TSD (total suspended dust)
  • PM (Particulate Matter)
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14
Q

the particles with the diameter greater than 10µm tend to stop in _______respiratory tract

A

upper respiratory tract

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15
Q

the particles smaller than 10µm can reach ___________________

A

the trachea, bronchi and consequently the pulmonary alveoli.

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16
Q

what is the pathogenesis of the pneumoconiosis?

A

Pathogenesis:
- silica, asbestos, and beryllium are the most reactive
- the smaller particles (1-5μm) get lodged at the bifurcation of the distal airways
- macrophages accumulate and engulf the trapped particulates
- activated macrophages (frustrated phagocytosis) release a number of inflammatory
mediators (triggering of chronic inflammation and fibroblast proliferation

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17
Q

Inhalation of mineral dusts causes chronic “non-neoplastic” lung diseases
known as______?

A

PNEUMOCONIOSIS

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18
Q

What is asbestos?

A

Asbestos is a naturally occurring material that is present in soil and rocks

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19
Q

What is asbestosis?

A

Asbestosis is long-term inflammation and scarring of the lungs due to asbestos fibers inhaled.

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20
Q

Effects of CO on health?

A

Carbon monoxide primarily causes adverse effects by combining with
hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, it is 240 times more reactive than O2.

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21
Q

Characteristics of NO?

A
  • an important intermediate in industrial chemistry
  • nitric oxide forms in combustion systems and can be generated by
    lightning in thunderstorms
  • It is a key vertebrate biological messenger, playing a role in a variety of
    biological processes
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22
Q

role of NO in physiology?

A

Vasodilation, neurotransmission, inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor growth

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23
Q

Effects of NO on human health?

A

Irritant for the respiratory system because of the transformation
to HNO3, it causes pulmonary edema

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24
Q

what is pulmonary edema?

A

Pulmonary edema is a condition in which the lungs fill with fluid, also known as lung congestion, lung water, and pulmonary congestion

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25
what is Sulfur dioxide SO2 ?
- It is a toxic gas responsible for the smell of burnt matches. - It is released naturally by volcanic activity and is produced as a byproduct of copper extraction and the burning of sulfur-bearing fossil fuels.
26
Effects of SO2 on human health?
In the respiratory tract encounters O2 and H2O to form H2SO4 and causes chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, cancer
27
chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the airways (trachea, bronchi or bronchioles) in your lungs. People with chronic bronchitis have symptoms like a cough and shortness of breath most days of the month, three months out of the year, for two years or longer.
28
pulmonary emphysema?
Emphysema is any air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues. Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs, and is also known as pulmonary emphysema.
29
Where is CCl4 used?
a liquid used in refrigeration mixtures of refrigerators, in fire extinguishers, stain removers, food degreasing solutions, it is inhaled (classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC))and accumulates in the liver
30
Effects of CCl4 on health?
Medium term exposure: hepatic steatosis, hepatic necrosis Long term exposure: Hepatic tumor
31
What is Vinyl chloride?
- It is the main component of PVC, and therefore of all plastics - Inhaled (gas with a sweet odor) absorbed through the skin
32
Effects of Vinyl Chloride on human health?
Short-term toxic action: disorders at the level of the CNS, liver, respiratory system, skeletal system Long-term effects: Somatic cells: skin, lung, bone, liver tumors Germ cells: congenital malformations in the offspring of exposed individuals
33
Effects of Aliphatic compounds on human health?
- Irritant and phlogogenic for skin and mucous layers - Toxic action at the level of the CNS, liver and respiratory system
34
What are the uses of Homocyclic compounds?
Benzene and derivatives (C6H6) massively used in printers, print shops, lithographs
35
What are the effects of Homocyclic compounds on human health?
Short-term toxic action: Irritant, respiratory failure, mood disorders Long-term effects: Bone marrow failure Germ cells chromosomic aberration Increased risk of leukemia in the offspring - anemia - thrombocytopenia - leukopenia - leukemia
36
Where are Homocyclic compounds are used?
Benzopyrene, - Used in road paving, incomplete combustion of organic matter, residues from cooked-meat with open flames - Inhaled and/or absorbed by contact from the skin, it accumulates in the liver where it is processed for its elimination
37
Effects of Homocyclic compounds
Short-term toxic action: -pulmonary emphysema -chronic bronchitis -asthma Long-term effects Cancerogenic in lung, liver and skin
38
What are aromatic amines used for?
- Used for the preparation of paints, present in inks used in painting houses. It is inhaled and/or absorbed by contact with the skin - in the simplest form is toxic but non-carcinogenic - carcinogens are some of its derivatives formed by condensation and provided with at least two aromatic rings (such as methilenediamine) or from other aromatic amines (e.g. naphtylamine) .
39
Effects of aromatic amines on human health?
- Acute toxicity (lungs, skin,…) - Bladder cancer
40
What is Formaldehyde used for?
- it is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane, as well as of other carbon compounds, e.g. in forest fires, automobile exhaust, and tobacco smoke - It was used as bactericide and preservative
41
Effects of Formaldehyde on human health?
it is a recognized carcinogen for humans - Nasal-pharyngeal tumor, nasal-sinus tumor, blood and lymphatic cancers - Irritating to eyes, nose and throat - Skin sensitizer - Also associated with asthma and bronchitis.
42
What are heavy metals?
Heavy metals are extremely toxic for the environment because they are bioaccumulated and cause biomagnification phenomena. (tissue concentrations rise as you move up the food chain)
43
Sources of heavy metal contamination?
- Various industrial processes - Thermoelectric power plants - Engine exhaust - Use of fertilizers - Exploitation and subsequent disposal of mines - Derived from urban waste burning (incinerators)
44
Toxicity of heavy metals?
-accumulated in cells through the interactions with biomolecules (proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids) -strong affinity of the metal cation for the -SH groups of the amino acid cysteine with the formation of a metal-sulfur complex that may compromise enzymatic functionality -native conformation modification (misfolding) -blocking of functional sites
45
HM such as cadmium, lead, chrome, mercury and arsenic are pollutants often present in the air due to _____________
industrial activity
46
Lead effects on human health?
Lead (Pb2+) - Lead is a readily absorbed metal that binds to sulfhydryl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism, effects that cause hematologic, skeletal, neurologic, gastrointestinal, and renal toxicities - Lead exposure may occur through contaminated air, food, and water - many sources of lead in the environment such as from mining, foundries, batteries, and spray painting that constitute occupational hazards
47
The intoxication resulting from a high exposure to lead is called ____________
Saturnism
48
Mercury's effects on health
- Like lead, mercury also binds to the sulfhydryl groups of some proteins with high affinity, causing damage to the CNS and the kidney - It is mainly toxic as methylmercury; in this form it is accumulated in fish. - Mercury has had many uses throughout history, for example, as a pigment in cave paintings, as cosmetic, as remedy for syphilis, and a component of diuretics
49
What causes the Minamata disease(Cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness, mental retardation, and major CNS defects in infants exposed in utero. )?
Mercury intoxication by eating contaminated fish
50
Sources of Arsenic?
- Arsenic salts interfere with several aspects of cellular metabolism - It is found naturally in soil and water and is used in products such as wood preservers and herbicides and other agricultural products - It may be released into the environment from mines and smelting industries - Arsenic trioxide is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia
51
Effects of Arsenic on human health?
- Acute gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and CNS toxicities that are often fatal - Interferes with Oxidative Phosphorylation since trivalent arsenic can replace the phosphates in ATP
52
What are Organochlorinated compounds?
- Most organochlorines are estrogen mimetic or endocrine-disrupting agents. - Once these compounds have penetrated the environment, they are degraded with extreme difficulty, with consequent accumulation
53
Dioxin effects on health?
- Human exposure to dioxins occurs almost exclusively through food intake, especially meat, fish and dairy products. - In cases of exposure of subjects to particularly high concentrations of dioxins - reduced fertility - development and immune deficiency - tumors It sems to be associated to the onset of FOLLICULITIS Chloracne: Acne, cyst formation, hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis around the face and behind the ears
54
Soft tissue damage is divided into?
Cutaneous or superficial lesions and Deep lesions to organ tissue
55
What is abrasion?
superficial and limited lesion affecting the epithelial lining of the skin or mucous membranes, generally due to mild traumatic causes.
56
What is Laceration?
Rupture of a mucous or skin covering, of such intensity as to leave the underlying connective tissue exposed.
57
What is Engraving?
shallow or deep, clean and thin cut, made with a sharp or pointed instrument.
58
what is contusion?
injury to the soft parts of the organism due to traumatic action of a body, without discontinuity of the skin or mucous covering (bruised wound) and with extravasation of blood (ecchymosis or, for greater damage, hematoma)
59
what is a simple fracture?
interruption of bone continuity without skin damage or dislocation of the bone heads
60
what is a Comminuted fracture
bone fractured in several parts
61
what is a Displaced fracture?
dislocation of the bone stumps
62
What symptoms can head trauma cause?
* physical * cognitive * social * Emotional/behavioral
62
What is an exposed fracture?
one or more bone fragments have lacerated the tissues, to the point of perforating the skin
63
The limit temperature tolerated without burning effects on the skin surface is below ___?
45
64
What is a first degree burn?
Epidermis. Painful, doesnt blister, doesnt scar
65
What is a second degree burn?
Epidermis and superficial portion of the dermis. Blisters, scars, risk of infection, painful.
66
What is a third degree burn?
subcutaneous and muscle involvement . Dry, insensitive to light touch, scars, skin grafting required, high risk of infection.
67
What is a fourth degree burn?
involves muscles and bones, loss of the burned part.

General Pathology (16 decks)

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