Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P II > Blood Physiology (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Blood Physiology (Exam 1) Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does blood do?

A
  • Transportatiton - gases, nutrients, and wastes
  • Regulation - pH, temperature, and water levels
  • Protection - clotting, immunity, and phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When phagocytes essentially devour foreign bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the average temperature of blood?

A

100.4 degrees F

compare that to normal body temp of 98.6 degrees F

(blood helps store heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Average pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

(slightly more basic than acidic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What volume of blood is contained within Males and Females on average?

A

Males - 5-6L

Females - 4-5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Viscosity of blood

A

More viscous than water.

(Blood is thicker than water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What color is blood?

A

Red (oxygenated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What component makes up the majority of Blood Plasma?

A

Water (91.5%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the component of Blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Formed elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is plasma?

A

a non-living fluid matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the formed elements?

A
  • Leukocytes
  • Erythrocytes
  • Thrombocytes

LET

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 5 types of Leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils

NLEMB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normal Percentage of Neutrophils in WBC count and function?

A
  • 60-70%
  • phagocytosis of bacteria; defensins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a defensin?

A

a peptide in WBCs that plays a role in the prevention or elimination of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normal Percentage of Lymphocytes in WBC count and function?

A
  • 20-25% (2nd most common)
  • B-cells
    • antibody secretion, attack bacteria
  • T-cells
    • attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells, transplanted cells
      • NK cells - Type of T-cell - nonspecific defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two (technically 3) types of Lymphocytes and what is their function?

A
  • B-cells
    • antibody secretion, attack bacteria
  • T-cells
    • attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells, transplanted cells
      • NK cells - nonspecific defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal Percentage of Monocytes in WBC count and function?

A
  • 3-8%
  • phagocytosis as macrophages
    • emigrates - leaves bloodstream -becomes macrophage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Normal Percentage of Eosinophils in WBC count and function?

A
  • 2-4%
  • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, antihistamine
  • increased prevalance when parasitic worms are present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Normal Percentage of Basophils in WBC count and function?

A
  • 0.5-1%
  • intensifies inflammatory response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Info nugget: Differential WBC Count

A
  • If a particular Leukocyte percentage varies from normal, it impacts the percentage of the other Leukocyte types.
  • Differential Leukocyte percentages allow identification of infection, allergic reactions, blood disorders, etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Info nugget: Leukemia

A
  • Diagnosis of Leukemia stems from an elevated leukocyte count
  • The higher number of leukocytes are less functional than normal and causes underproduction of Erythrocytes and Thrombocytes
  • Decreased Eryhtrocytes = anemia
  • Decreased Thrombocytes = clotting issues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What percentage of blood plasma is protein?

A

7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 blood plasma proteins, their normal percentage and their function?

A
  • Albumin (54%) - transport
  • Globulins (38%) - antibodies
  • Fibrinogen (7%) - main clotting protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normal platelet count per µL

A

150k-400k per µL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Normal WBC count per µL
5k-10k per µL
26
Normal RBC count per µL
4.8MM-5.4MM per µL
27
What is Hemopoiesis?
The generation of blood cells * Blood cells in general, not a specific type
28
Where does Hemopoiesis start?
Red bone marrow
29
What is the hierarchy of cells in hemopoiesis from early-stage to late-stage cells?
1. Pluripotent stem cells (develop into several different types 2. Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells 3. Progenitor cells (from some myeloids) 4. "Blasts" - precursors to specific types * eg. eosinophilic myeloblast becomes eosinophil P(ML)PB
30
What is Erythropoiesis?
the creation of red blood cells
31
What is the hierarchy of cells in erythropoiesis from early-stage to late-stage?
1. Pluripotent stem cell 2. Myeloid stem cell 3. Colony Forming Unit - Erythrocyte (CFU-E) 4. Proerythroblast 5. Reticulocyte (nucleus is ejected into bloodstream) 6. Erythrocyte matures in 1-2 days then enters bloodstream PMCPRE
32
What triggers erythropoiesis?
* Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys which stimulates erythropoiesis * Hypoxia triggers kidneys to release EPO
33
Describe the Negative Feedback cycle of Erythropoiesis
* Hypoxia triggers the kidneys to release erythropoietin (EPO) * EPO causes proerythroblasts to mature more rapidly * This leads to more RBCs, which means greater oxygen-carrying capacity to tissues (including kidneys) * Kidneys detect stable oxygen-carrying capacity and halts the release of EPO
34
What is Hemoglobin and what are its componenets?
* a protein that transports oxygen in the blood. * Globin - protein composed of four chains * Heme - Fe2+ at center binds to O2 * One Heme per chain = 4 O2 per molecule * B12 also needed
35
How many Hemoglobin molecules per RBC?
280 million molecules per RBC
36
What is anemia?
a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity
37
What are the types of anemia?
* Hemorrhagic anemia - blood loss * Aplastic anemia - marrow doesn’t produce RBCs * Thalassemia - inherited - fewer RBC and hemoglobin * Hemolytic anemia - RBC destruction * Iron-deficient anemia - most common * Megaloblastic anemia - larger RBCs * Pernicious anemia - cannot absorb B12 (type of megalobalstic) * Sickle-cell disease - malformed hemoglobin/RBCs HATH IMPS
38
What is Hemorrhagic anemia?
type of anemia characterized as blood loss
39
What is aplastic anemia?
type of anemia characterized by marrow not producing RBCs
40
What is Thalassemia?
type of anemia that is inherited where there are fewer RBCs and hemoglobin
41
What is Hemolytic anemia?
anemia characterized by RBC destruction
42
What is iron deficient anemia?
* anemia characterized by iron deficiency * most common
43
What is megaloblastic anemia?
anemia characterized by larger RBCs
44
What is pernicious anemia?
* anemia characterized by inability to absorb B12 * type of megaloblastic anemia
45
What is sickle cell anemia?
anemia characterized by malformed hemoglobin/RBCs
46
What is the ife cycle of erythrocytes?
120 days
47
Describe the RBC destruction process
* Macrophages in spleen, liver and red marrow target old/damaged RBCs * Heme breakdown occurs * Fe3+ attaches to transferrin - can be transported back to red marrow * Fe3+ can detach and be stored by ferritin in some locations (liver, muscle) * Non-iron portion \> biliverdin \> bilirubin * non-iron portion is excreted * Bilirubin transported to liver, released into bile, passed to intestine \> urobilinogen \> stercobilin (poo) * Jaundice
48
What is the general function of leukocytes?
* Phagocytosis * Immune Response * Emigration (Diapedesis) * leaves blood cells to go to other tissues PIE
49
What is chemotaxis?
movement toward a chemical stimulus
50
From what stem cells do leukocytes originate?
With the exception of lymphocytes, myeloid stem cells are where leukocytes originate from * Myeloid stem cells * lymphocytes originate from lymphoid stem cells
51
How do B and T cells develop?
* Begin as pluripotent stem cells * become lymphoid stem cell * finish development in lymphatic tissues to become either B or T cell
52
What is the role of cytokines (CSFs and interleukins)?
Trigger the development of leukocytes
53
What are the two types of neutrophils?
band and segmented total of 60-70%
54
What is an NK Cell?
Natural Killer Cell
55
What do T-Cells do?
they go after virus-infected cells and destroy the entire cell
56
Thrombocytes: Cell Hiearchy from inception to maturity, count per µL, and functions (2)
* Thrombopoeietin causes myeloid stem cells \> megakaryoblasts \> megakaryocytes \> splinter into platelets (thrombocytes) * 150,000-400,000 per uL * Form plugs in damaged vessels * Release clotting factors
57
Hemostasis: Definition and what are its mechanisms (3)?
* Sequence of responses that stops bleeding (possible hemorrhage) Mechanisms: * Vascular spasm * Platelet plug formation * Blood clotting (Coagulation)
58
Vascular spasm: What is it and what does it do?
* Immediate contraction of smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles * Reduces blood loss - allows time for other mechanisms to start \*\*\* review diagrams
59
Platelet Plug Formation process
* Vessel breaks, exposing collagen fibers of the wall to blood * In presence of rough surfaces such as collagen, platelets adhere to vessel and other platelets * Platelets aggregate and release factors that promote hemostasis * hemostasis factors: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin, and thromboxane A2 * this causes the platelet plug and leads in to clotting
60
Clotting (Coagulation): Components, definition, and deficiencies
* Serum = blood plasma w/out clotting proteins * Clot = gel formed from formed elements trapped in fibrin * fibrin is most important in clots * clots are not just platelets * Cascade of reactions involving sequence of clotting factors (Ca2+, enzymes from liver, vitamin K derivatives) * Thrombosis - inappropriate clot * Hemorrhage - excessive bleeding * Hemophilia - inability to clot - why?
61
-ase suffix means?
enzyme
62
Clotting Stages (Common Pathway)
1. Prothrombin***_ase_*** formation * Common Pathway = steps after prothombinase formation 2. Prothrombin***_ase_*** converts prothrombin into thrombin 3. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
63
Extrinsic vs Intrinsic pathways
* Extrinsic has fewer steps, **occurs rapidly**, and **_cue comes from outside vessels_** (Tissue factor (TF)) * TF leaks in from outside, begins extrinsic pathway * **_Intrinsic more complex, slower_**, and **_activators are in vessels or within blood_** * Common pathway = steps after prothrombinase formation * Clot retraction
64
Hemostatic Control Mechanisms: What are they (2)/name them
* Fibrinolysis - dissolution of a clot (either after repair or inappropriate clots) * Degraded by plasminogen \> plasmin * _Fibrinolysis is the natural way of dealing with clots_ * **_Anticoagulants - antithrombin, heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)_** Intravascular clots can still form due to rough endothelium or blood stasis * Thrombus (unbroken vessel) * Embolus - mass or air bubble transported by bloodstream
65
-lys- root word means?
to break down/dissolve
66
Complete blood count: What cells/factors are measured when considering a complete blood count?
Counts of: * RBCs per uL * WBCs per uL * Platelets per uL * **_Hematocrit_** (RBC % of total blood volume) * anemia test * **_Differential_** WBC * **_Hemoglobin_** (g/mL)
67
Stem cell transplants: Types/definitions, which one is more advantageous?
* Bone marrow transplant - destruction of defective marrow and replacement * Cord-blood transplant advantages: * Easily collected and stored (at birth from ubilical cord) * More abundant stem cells than in marrow * Less likely to cause graft-versus-host disease or to transmit infections
68
Hemolytic Diseases of the Newborn (HDN): What is it?
* Rh Incompatibility * Possible agglutination and hemolysis * RhoGAM given to Rh- women (inactivates fetal Rh+ antigens)

A&P II (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions