Respiratory System (Exam 2)

Question 1

What law is this? As Pressure increases, Volume decreases

Answer 1

Boyles law

Question 2

Does P or V have to increase to inhale?

Answer 2

V in lungs to inhale

Question 3

What is intrapleural or intrathoracic pressure commonly known as?

Answer 3

forceful exhalation

Question 4

Should intrapleural pressure be negative or positive?

Answer 4

Almost always negative

Question 5

What kind of pressure creates suction?

Answer 5

Negative P

Question 6

Inhaling below or above atm P?

Answer 6

Below

Question 7

Exhaling below or above atm P?

Answer 7

Above

Question 8

At what pressure does alveolar pressure tend to hover around?

Answer 8

760 mmHh (1 atm)

Question 9

Inhalation or Inspiration is driven by what bodily system?

Answer 9

Muscular

Question 10

What is quiet breathing and what muscles drive it?

Answer 10

normal breathing at rest; diaphragm, intercostals

Question 11

What is deep breathing and what muscles drive it?

Answer 11

anything beyond normal breathing; accessory muscles (sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, pec minors)

Question 12

What is the flow of breathing in terms of structures?

Answer 12

Body wall/parietal layer moves>visceral layer follows due to negative pressure>lungs follow due to negative pressure>lung volume increases

Question 13

Exhalation (expiration): Is quiet breathing passive or active?

Answer 13

Passive; relies on elastic recoil or the elasticity (relaxation) of the muscles and lungs themselves

Question 14

Exhalation (expiration): Is deep breathing passive or active?

Answer 14

Active; relies on contraction of abdominals and internal intercostals

Question 15

What is compliance in regards to respiration?

Answer 15

How elastic your lungs are

Question 16

Does surface tension of alveolar fluid pull inward or outward?

Answer 16

inward

Question 17

What is the surface tension of alveolar fluid?

Answer 17

2/3 of elastic recoil

Question 18

What is eupnea?

Answer 18

normal breathing pattern

Question 19

what is apnea?

Answer 19

stopping of normal breathing

Question 20

What is costal breathing?

Answer 20

shallow breathing (chest expansion due to ext. intercostals)

Question 21

What is diaphragmatic breathing?

Answer 21

deep breathing (abdominal movement due to diaphragm)

Question 22

What are hiccups?

Answer 22

spasm of the diaphragm (considered a modified movement)

Question 23

What is a modified movement as it applies to respiration?

Answer 23

actions such as laughing, sobbing, sneezing, speaking, etc

Question 24

What is getting the wind knocked out of you caused by?

Answer 24

a cramped diaphragm making it unable to contract temporarily

Question 25

What is tidal volume and what is it's normal value?

Answer 25

the amt of air we move during normal quiet breathing; 500 mL

Question 26

What is inspiratory reserve and what is its normal value range?

Answer 26

addl amt beyond tidal volume; 3100mL - (1900mL)

Question 27

What is inspiratory capacity and what is its normal value range?

Answer 27

Total of tidal volume + inhalation reserve; 3600mL - (2400mL)

Question 28

What is expiratory reserve and what is its normal value range?

Answer 28

addl amt beyond tidal volume expelled; 1200mL - (700mL)

Question 29

Where is inspiratory reserve found on a spirogram?

Answer 29

on the inhalation curve

Question 30

Where is expiratory reserve found on a spirogram?

Answer 30

the lowest point on the exhalation curve

Question 31

What is total lung capacity and what is its normal value range?

Answer 31

Total volume of movable air during deep breathing (Inhalation + Exhalation); 6000mL - (4200mL)

Question 32

In what direction does a pressure gradient flow?

Answer 32

from high to low

Question 33

What law is this? Total P = sum of the partials

Answer 33

Dalton's law

Question 34

What does partial pressure determine?

Answer 34

individual movement of gases

Question 35

What is Henry's law applied to?

Answer 35

air going in blood

Question 36

What is Henry's law?

Answer 36

amount of gas dissolved in liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility

Question 37

Does CO2 have a higher concentration in plasma than O2?

Answer 37

yes, it is about 24x more soluble

Question 38

What four factors is gas exchange rate influenced by

Answer 38

Partial pressure difference (exercise or altitude) Surface area of alveoli Diffusion distance (longer distance makes rate go down Molecular weight and solubility of gas

Question 39

Percentage of oxygen transport in plasma

Answer 39

1.5%

Question 40

percentage of oxygen transport in hemoglobin/RBCs

Answer 40

98.5%

Question 41

Can hemoglobin be partially or fully saturated?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

What is affinity

Answer 42

tightness of binding

Question 43

What effect does acidity have on affinity?

Answer 43

pH decrease (more acidic) leads to affinity decrease (oxygen comes off)

Question 44

What is the Bohr effect?

Answer 44

H+ binding causes O2 unloading (and vice versa)

Question 45

Describe Hemoglobin as it pertains to the Bohr effect

Answer 45

Hemoglobin acts as a natural buffer for H+, but H+ binding alters structure

Question 46

When CO2 binds to Hb, what happens?

Answer 46

O2 is released; this trend is good

Question 47

What effect does temperature have on affinity?

Answer 47

affinity decreases (oxygen comes off)

Question 48

How much higher of an affinity does fetal hemoglobin have vs adult hemoglobin?

Answer 48

30% higher

Question 49

How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

Answer 49

7%

Question 50

How much CO2 is dissolved in Carbamin compounds?

Answer 50

23%

Question 51

How much CO2 is dissolved in bicarbonate ions?

Answer 51

70%

Question 52

When bicarbonate comes out...

Answer 52

chloride comes in

Question 53

What is the Haldane effect?

Answer 53

Hb is either carrying CO2 or oxygen, not both

Question 54

What is the respiratory center known as more commonly?

Answer 54

The autopilot center

Question 55

What brain structure is the respiratory center driven by?

Answer 55

the medulla and pons

Question 56

Neurons rhythmically discharge in the...

Answer 56

Inspiratory area

Question 57

What brain structure is the override center for respiration?

Answer 57

Pons

Question 58

What is the pneumotaxic area?

Answer 58

the get moving area

Question 59

What is the Apneustic area?

Answer 59

the yawn area

Question 60

What area overrides the other? Apneustic or pneumotaxic?

Answer 60

Pneumotaxic