Blood to the Brain

Question 1

brachiocephalic artery

Answer 1

branches into right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

Question 2

right subclavian artery

Answer 2

branches into right vertebral artery

Question 3

right common carotid artery

Answer 3

branches into internal carotid and external carotid

Question 4

left common carotid artery

Answer 4

branches into internal and external carotid

Question 5

left subclavian artery

Answer 5

branches into left vertebral artery

Question 6

normal blood flow

Answer 6

approx. 50 ml/100g/min

• neurons cease firing at 20 ml/100g/min
• neuronal necrosis occurs at 10 ml/100g/min

Question 7

two systems going to the brain

Answer 7

vertebral (20%) and internal carotid (80%)

Question 8

vertebral system

Answer 8

supplies posterior regions
- brainstem and cerebellum
- parts of diencephalon
- spinal cord
- parts of temporal and occipital lobes

Question 9

internal carotid system

Answer 9

supplies anterior regions
- most of telencephalon
- most of diencephalon

Question 10

major branches of vertebral-basilar

Answer 10

1) posterior inferior cerebellar a. (PICA)
2) anterior inferior cerebellar a. (AICA)
3) superior cerebellar a. (SCA)
4) posterior cerebral a. (PCA)

Question 11

major branches of internal carotid

Answer 11

1) middle cerebral a. (MCA)
2) anterior cerebral a. (ACA)

Question 12

superior cerebellar artery (SCA)

Answer 12

supplies superior surface of cerebellum, pons (rostral)

Question 13

anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

Answer 13

supplies anterior and inferior surface of cerebellum, pons (caudal)

Question 14

posterior inferior cerebellar arter (PICA)

Answer 14

supplies posterior and inferior cerebellum, bends around brainstem and supplies lateral medulla and choroid plexus

Question 15

anterior communicating artery (ACoA)

Answer 15

connects anterior cerebral arteries (ACA)

Question 16

posterior communicating artery (PCoA)

Answer 16

connects middle cerebral artery (MCA) to vertebrobasilar system

Question 17

anterior cerebral artery (ACA)

Answer 17

supplies medial cortex - some of parietal and frontal

Question 18

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Answer 18

supplies lateral cortex - temporal, parietal, frontal

Question 19

posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Answer 19

supplies medial cortex - some of temporal, occipital

Question 20

circle of Willis

Answer 20

1) PCA
2) PCoA
3) ACA
4) ACoA

Question 21

junction of circle of Willis

Answer 21

internal carotid artery and vertebral-basilar systems

1) internal carotid
2) MCA
3) ACA
4) PCoA

Question 22

blood supply to midbrain

Answer 22

PCA, SCA, basilar

Question 23

blood supply to pons

Answer 23

AICA, basilar

Question 24

blood supply to medulla

Answer 24

PICA, vertebral

Question 25

blood supply to spinal cord

Answer 25

ant. and post. spinal arteries - ant. (1): 2/3 of spinal cord - post. (2): 1/3 of spinal cord

Question 26

perforating arteries

Answer 26

small branches off of major arteries that go to internal structures of the brain

Question 27

ACoA perforating arteries

Answer 27

anteromedial group

Question 28

MCA perforating arteries

Answer 28

lateral striate group

Question 29

PCA perforating arteries

Answer 29

posteriomedial group and posterolateral group

Question 30

blood supply to internal capsule

Answer 30

MCAp, ACAp

Question 31

blood supply to thalamus

Answer 31

PCAp

Question 32

blood supply to substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

Answer 32

PCAp, PCoAp

Question 33

blood supply to lentiform nucleus

Answer 33

ant. choroidal, MCAp

Question 34

blood supply to nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus

Answer 34

ACAp

Question 35

visual pathway structures

Answer 35

1) optic nerve 2) optic chiasma 3) optic tract 4) lateral geniculate body (LGB) 5) optic radiations 6) visual cortex

Question 36

blood supply to optic nerve

Answer 36

main: ophthalmic artery (off of internal carotid artery) other: ant. cerebral artery (ACA)

Question 37

blood supply to optic chiasma

Answer 37

main: ant. cerebral artery (ACA), internal carotid rami other: ant. choroidal artery and post. communicating artery (PCoA)

Question 38

blood supply to optic tract

Answer 38

ant. choroidal artery and post. communicating artery (PCoA)

Question 39

blood supply to lateral geniculate body

Answer 39

ant. choroidal artery and post. choroidal artery (branch of PCA)

Question 40

blood supply to optic radiations

Answer 40

ant. choroidal artery, deep branches of PCA, deep optic artery (deep branch of MCA)

Question 41

blood supply to visual cortex

Answer 41

PCA, MCA

Question 42

venous drainage of the brain

Answer 42

occurs through a system of cerebral veins that empty into dural venous sinuses

Question 43

superior superficial veins

Answer 43

1) superior sagittal sinus → transverse sinus → sigmoid sinus → internal jugular vein 2) inferior sagittal sinus → straight sinus → transverse sinus (other) → sigmoid sinus → internal jugular vein

Question 44

inferior superficial veins

Answer 44

1) transverse sinus → sigmoid sinus → internal jugular vein 2) cavernous sinus → superior petrosal sinus → sigmoid sinus → internal jugular vein 3) cavernous sinus → inferior petrosal sinus → internal jugular vein

Question 45

deep veins

Answer 45

1) great cerebral vein → straight sinus → transverse sinus → sigmoid sinus → internal jugular vein 2) cavernous sinus → pterygoid plexus → internal or external jugular vein → superior vena cava