Cerebral cortex

Question 1

telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere)

Answer 1

1) cerebral cortex
2) basal ganglia
3) hippocampus and amygdala

Question 2

lobes of cerebral cortex

Answer 2

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, limbic, insula

Question 3

diencephalon

Answer 3

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, pineal gland

Question 4

brainstem

Answer 4

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 5

central sulcus

Answer 5

separates pre-central and post-central gyrus

Question 6

parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 6

separates parietal and occipital lobes

Question 7

lateral fissure

Answer 7

separates frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

Question 8

cingulate sulcus

Answer 8

limbic lobe is below (cingulate gyrus)

Question 9

callosal sulcus

Answer 9

separates corpus callosum from cingulate gyrus

Question 10

calcarine fissure

Answer 10

separates upper and lower visual field information, in occipital lobe

Question 11

circular sulcus

Answer 11

traces around insula

Question 12

longitudinal cerebral fissure

Answer 12

separates hte left and right lobes of the brain sagittally

Question 13

transverse cerebral fissure

Answer 13

separates cerebrum from cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem

Question 14

Neocortex layer I

Answer 14

molecular layer
- horizontally arranged fibers
- input/output: dendrites and axons from other layers

Question 15

Neocortex layer II

Answer 15

external granular layer
- mostly interneurons, some pyramidal cells
- input/output: cortical-cortical connections

Question 16

Neocortex layer III

Answer 16

external pyramidal layer
- mostly pyramidal cells, association axons
- input/output: cortical-cortical connections

Question 17

Neocortex V

Answer 17

internal pyramidal layer
- mostly large pyramidal cells including Betz cells in primary motor cortex
- input/ouput: subcortical structures other than thalamus

Question 18

Neocortex layer VI

Answer 18

multiform layer
- mixture of cells, axons project to thalamus
- output: thalamus

Question 18

Neocortex layer IV

Answer 18

internal granular layer
- mostly stellate cells, some pyramidal cells
- input: thalamus

Question 19

association fibers

Answer 19

fibers that stay in the same region of the brain (stay within cerebrum)

Question 20

pyramidal cells

Answer 20

• most numerous neurons in neocortex
• soma is pyramid shaped (apex, base)
• excitatory
• Betz cells are a subtype of pyramidal cells only found in primary motor area of frontal lobe
• fusiform-shaped pyramidal cells have an elongated soma and project to the thalamus

Question 20

non-pyramidal cells

Answer 20

1) basket
- stellate in shape, axons run horizontally
- inhibitory (GABA)
2) horizontal cells
- only in layer I, axons run horizontally
- inhibitory (GABA)
3) stellate or granular cells
- interneuron, multiple processes
- excitatory

Question 21

projection fibers

Answer 21

fibers that go to other regions of the brain or nervous system (CNS)

• cortical info via the internal capsule
• thalamocortical (IV) and corticothalamic fibers (VI)

Question 22

commisural fibers

Answer 22

fibers connecting left and right cerebral hemispheres

• corpus callosum: permits transfer of info between hemispheres
• anterior and posterior commissure

Question 23

boundaries of frontal lobe

Answer 23

- in front of central sulcus - above lateral sulcus/fissure - external to cingulate sulcus

Question 24

gyri of frontal lobe

Answer 24

- precentral gyrus - superior frontal gyrus - middle frontal gyrus - inferior frontal gyrus - anterior paracentral lobule - gyrus rectus - orbital gyri

Question 25

boundaries of parietal lobe

Answer 25

- behind central sulcus - above lateral sulcus/fissure - in front of parieto-occipital sulcus - external to cingulate sulcus

Question 26

gyri of parietal lobe

Answer 26

- postcentral gyrus - superior parietal lobule - inferior parietal gyrus (supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus) - intraparietal gyrus - precuneus - posterior paracentral lobule (extension of postcentral gyrus)

Question 27

boundary of occipital lobe

Answer 27

- behind occipito-parietal sulcus

Question 28

gyri of occipital lobe

Answer 28

- lateral occipital gyri - cuneus - lingual gyrus - occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

Question 29

boundaries of temporal lobe

Answer 29

- below lateral sulcus/fissure - in front of parieto-occipital sulcus - below cingulate sulcus

Question 30

gyri of temporal lobe

Answer 30

- superior temporal gyrus - middle temporal gyrus - inferior temporal gyrus - occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus - lingual gyrusb

Question 31

boundary of limbic lobe

Answer 31

callosal sulcus to cingulate sulcus

Question 32

gyri of limbic lobe

Answer 32

- cingulate gyrus - parahippocampal gyrus (uncus) - paraterminal gyrus - subcallosal area

Question 33

primary cortices

Answer 33

areas of the cortex most directly linked to the rest of the world

Question 34

association cortices

Answer 34

areas adjacent to primary areas

Question 35

frontal lobe functional areas

Answer 35

- primary motor cortex - premotor cortex - supplementary motor cortex - Broca's area (speech) - prefrontal cortex

Question 36

primary motor cortex

Answer 36

- motor movement - input: premotor area, somatosensory areas, VL thalamus - output: pyramidal system - precentral gyrus

Question 37

premotor cortex

Answer 37

- anterior to primary motor cortex - planning/intention of movement - input: cortical areas, VL thalamus - ouput: primary motor cortex, pyramidal system

Question 38

supplementary motor area

Answer 38

- control of complex movements which require temporal organization - input: many cortical areas, VL thalamus - output: primary motor cortex, pyramidal system, reticular formation in brainstem

Question 39

frontal eye fields

Answer 39

- voluntary eye movements (saccades) - input: othoer eye fields - output: PPRF

Question 40

prefrontal cortex

Answer 40

- decision making, working memory, personality - input: widespread cortex, DM thalamus - output: widespread

Question 41

parietal lobe functional areas

Answer 41

- primary sensory cortex - comprehension of language areas - spatial orientation and attention areas

Question 42

primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 42

- postcentral gyrus