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Diencephalon Flashcards

Lecture 8 (68 cards)

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1
Q

diencephalon

A
  • most caudal portion of cerebrum
  • develops from prosencephalon
  • consists of: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus
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2
Q

diencephalon boundaries

A

anterior - anterior commissure + lamina terminalis

posterior - posterior commissure

lateral - internal capsule

medial - third ventricle

superior - transverse cerebral fissure

inferior - subarachoid space, optic chiasm, mammillary body

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3
Q

epithalamus

A

located on/near thalamus

  • habenular nuclei
  • pineal gland
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4
Q

habenular nuclei

A

2 of them, path for basal ganglia and limbic system communication with reticular formation, connected by habenular commissure

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5
Q

pineal gland

A

circadian and circannual rhthyms

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6
Q

thalamus

A

2-egg-shaped nuclear mass with a posterior appendage, connected by interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia)

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7
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of limbic system, controls and integrates the functions of the ANS and endocrine system

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8
Q

hypothalamus functions (HEAL)

A

Homeostasis
Endocrine
Autonomic
Limbic

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9
Q

subthalamus

A

located beneath the thalamus, basal ganglia functions

  • subthalamic nucleus
  • zona incerta
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10
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A

lens-shaped, biconvex structure, interconnected with basal ganglia

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11
Q

thalamus boundaries

A

anterior - interventricular foramen

posterior end overlaps midbrain

superior - transverse cerebral fissure

inferior - hypothalamic sulcus

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12
Q

neighbouring structures of thalamus

A

lateral aspect forms bulk of medial aspect of posterior limb of internal capsule

medial aspect forms bulk of lateral walls of third ventricle

ventral aspect - “rests” on hypothalamus

dorsal aspect - forms floor of third ventricle

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13
Q

hypothalamus boundaries

A

anterior - lamina terminalis, anterior commisure to optic chiasm

posterior - posterior commissure, mammillary body

superior - hypothalamic sulcus

medial - third ventricle

lateral - internal capsule

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14
Q

hypothalamus medial-lateral zones (from third ventricle to internal capsule)

A

1) periventricular zone -in wall of third ventricle
2) medial zone - contains series of nuclei
3) lateral zone - lateral to fornix

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15
Q

hypothalamus longitudinal divisions (from lamina terminalis to posterior commissure)

A

1) anterior region - optic chiasm, preoptic area
2) tuberal region - tuber cinereum (inferior edge), continuous with infundibulum stalk
3) posterior region - mammillary bodies

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16
Q

pituitary gland

A

consists of posterior pituitary (neurohypohysis) and anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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17
Q

posterior pituitary

A

sections:
- posterior lobe
- infundibulum

function: secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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18
Q

infundibulum

A

connects hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

sections:
- distal, tuberal, intermediate

function: releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted in capillaries in median eminence, carried via hypophyseal portal vessle to ant. lobe where they release or inhibit other hormones

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20
Q

hypothalamic nuclei

A

1) preoptic
2) supraoptic
3) paraventricular
4) arcuate
5) anterior
6) posterior
7) ventromedial
8) lateral complex
9) suprachiasmatic
10) dorsomedial
11) mammillary body

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21
Q

preoptic nucleus (Pr)

A

region: preoptic (anterior)

zone: medial and lateral

function: thermoregulation, fluid balance
- water retention: projects to SO and PV nuclei
- thermoregulation: receives skin and organs temperature, autonomic and behavioursal change

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22
Q

supraoptic nucleus (SO)

A

region: anterior

zone: medial

function: fluid balance (posterior pituitary)
- releases either ADH (increased ADH leads to water retention) or oxytocin

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23
Q

paraventricular nucleus (PV)

A

region: anterior

zone: medial

function: fluid balance (posterior pituitary)
- releases either ADH (increased ADH leads to water retention) or oxytocin

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24
Q

arcuate nucleus (Ar)

A

region: tuberal

zone: medial

function: main control of ant. pituitary, feeding
- receptors for ghrelin (+ feeding behaviour)
- receptors for leptin (- feeding behaviour)

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25
anterior nucleus (An)
region: anterior zone: medial function: thermoregulation (cools you down) - activates heat dissipation
26
posterior nucleus (Po)
region: posterior zone: medial function: thermoregulation (keeps you warm) - heat conservation
27
ventromedial nucleus (VM)
region: tuberal zone: medial function: appetite - satiety
28
lateral complex nucleus (L)
region: anterior, tuberal, posterior zone: lateral function: appetite - hunger
29
suprachiasmatic nucleus (Sc)
region: anterior zone: medial function: mediates circadian rhythyms - retina and melatonin (pineal gland)
30
dorsomedial nucleus (DM)
region: tuberal zone: medial function: emotion (rage)
31
mammillary body/nucleus (MB)
region: posterior zone: medial function: memory (limbic) and recognition
32
hypothalamus connections
- limbic system - pituitary gland - visceral and somatic nuclei and areas
33
corticohypothalamic fibres
cortext to hypothalamus, from septal nuclei and other limbic cortical areas
34
hypothalamocortical fibres
hypothalamus to cortext, to septal nuclei and widespread
35
hippocampohypothalamic fibres
hippodampus to hypothalamus, through fornix
36
hypothalamohippocampal fibres
hypothalamus to hippocampus, through fornix
37
mammillotegmental tracts
mammilary body to midbrain reticular formation
38
mammillothalamic tracts
mammillary body to anterior (A) thalamus
39
amygdalohypothalamic and reciprocal fibers
stria terminalis, ventral amygdalofugal pathway (VAP)
40
brainstem - hypothalamic and reciprocal fibres
from/to brainstem and spinal cord
41
retinohypothalamic fibres
retina to hypothalamus - circadial rhythms
42
hypothalamus connection to pituitary gland
adenohypohysis (ant.) - vascular control, neurons from arcuate nucleus neurohypophysis (post). - neural control, neurons from supraoptic and paraventricular
43
thalamic divisions
1) anterior 2) medial - midline nuclei are located on medial surface 3) lateral
44
internal and external medullary lamina
internal separates thalamic divisions - intralaminar nuclei external is outside thalamic divisions - reticular nuclei
45
major nucleus of anterior thalamus
anterior (A)
46
major nucleus of medial thalamus
dorsomedial (DM)
47
nuclei of lateral thalamus - dorsal tier
1) lateral dorsal (LD) 2) lateral posterior (LP) 3) pulvinar (PUL)
48
nuclei of lateral thalamus - ventral tier
1) ventroanterior (VA) 2) ventrolateral (VL) 3) ventroposterior lateral (VPL) 4) ventroposterior medial (VPM) 5) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 6) medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
49
role of thalamic nuclei
regulate/process and relay info to cerebal cortex for all senses (except olfaction)
50
specific vs regulatory nuclei
specific: one principle source ex. optic nerve to LGN regulatory: large array of neurons ex. visual cortex to LGN
51
categories of thalamic nuclei
1) relay nuclei 2) association nuclei 3) other - intralaminar and midline nuclei 4) reticular nuclei
52
relay nuclei categories
a) motor relay nuclei - VA and VL b) sensory relay nuclei - VPL and VPM c) auditory relay nucleus - MGN d) visual realy nucleus - LGN e) limbic relay nuclei A and LD
53
VA and VL
output: motor areas - motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex input: superior cerebellar peduncles, basal ganglia
54
VPL and VPM
output: somatosensory cortex, sensations to consciousness input: medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract, central tegmental tract (taste - only VPM) - body: VPL (think L for legs) - face: VPM
55
MGN
output: auditory cortex, hearing input: inferior colliculus, lateral lemniscus
56
LGN
output: visual cortex, visual info input: optic tract
57
anterior nucleus (A)
output: cingulate gyrus, emotional tone, certain memory mechanisms input: mammillothalamic tract
58
lateral dorsal (LD)
output: cingulate gyrus input: hippocampal inputs - no specific tract
59
association nuclei
dorsalmedial nucleus (DM), pulvinar (PUL), and lateral posterior (LP)
60
dorsalmedial nucleus (DM) (thalamus) | thalamus
output: prefrontal cortex, prefrontal functions such as forethought, decision-making based on predictions and incentives input: prefrontal cortex, olfactory, limbic system
61
pulvinar (PUL) and lateral posterior (LP)
integration of info from diff. areas, formation of complex behavioural responses in response to visual info (dorsal and ventral streams) pulvinar input/output: parietial, occipital, temporal lobes LP input/output: parietal lobe
62
midline and intralaminar nuclei
mediate global changes to the cerebral cortex, including waking/consciousness, pain perception, and selective attention output: multiple areas of cortex, basal ganglia, limbic structures input: multiple areas of brain
63
internal capsule boundaries | boundaries
boundaries: - lateral: lentiform nucleus - medial: head of caudate nucleus, thalamus, hypothalamus almost all traffic to and from the cerebral cortex passes through the internal capsule
64
limbs of internal capsule
1) anterior limb 2) genu 3) posterior limb 4) retrolenticular 5) sublenticular
65
anterior limb of IC
between lenticular nucleus and head of caudate nucleus info carried: - ant. nucleus (A) to cingulate gyrus - DM to prefrontal cortex
66
genu of IC
junction between ant. and post. limbs
67
post. limb of IC
between lenticular nucleus and thalamus info carried: - VA/VL to motor areas - motor areas to brainstem and spinal cord - VPL/VPM to somatosensory cortex
68
retrolenticular and sublenticular limbs of IC
retro: posterior to lentiform nucleus, contains superior fibres of optic radiations sub: inferior to lentiform nucleus, continuous with retrolenticular, contains auditory radiation and inferior fibres of optic radiations info carried: - MGN to auditory cortex - LGN to visual cortex - PUL/LP to parietal-occipital-temporal cortex

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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