BLOOD [TRANSES] Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
called the “river of life”
A
BLOOD
2
Q
the only fluid tissue in the body
A
BLOOD
3
Q
Blood might appear to be ___,
_____ liquid but the microscope reveals that it has both ____ and ____ components
A
A. THICK
B. HOMOGENOUS
C. SOLID
D. LIQUID
4
Q
allows important substances to be delivered (as a transport system) to various organs and at the same time it is a way by which the body can collect waste products of metabolism
A
BLOOD
5
Q
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
A
TRANSPORT OF:
1. Gases, nutrients and waste products
2. Processed molecules
3. REGULATORY MOLECULE
4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
5. Maintenance of body temperature
6. Protection against foreign substances
7. Clot formation
6
Q
Fluid matrix
A
PLASMA
7
Q
55% of total blood
A
PLASMA
8
Q
pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells
A
PLASMA
9
Q
91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other
A
PLASMA
10
Q
58% of plasma proteins
A
ALBUMIN
11
Q
helps maintain water balance
A
ALBUMIN
12
Q
It serves as the liquid base for whole blood
A
ALBUMIN
13
Q
Most abundant plasma protein
A
ALBUMIN
14
Q
Manufactured in the liver
A
ALBUMIN
15
Q
Is the liquid or undiluted part of the blood, which lacks clotting factors.
A
SERUM
16
Q
it is formed after blood coagulation.
A
SERUM
17
Q
is a transparent, straw-coloured, liquid portion of the blood.
A
PLASMA
18
Q
It is composed of serum and clotting factor.
A
PLASMA
19
Q
percentage of RBC
A
Hematocrit (blood fraction)
20
Q
Erythrocytes
A
RED BLOOD CELL
21
Q
leukocytes
A
WHITE BLOOD CELL
22
Q
thrombocytes
A
PLATELETS
23
Q
the layer between RBC and plasma
usually composed of WBC and platelets
A
BUFFY COAT
24
Q
is the process that produces formed elements
A
Hematopoiesis
25
is confined primarily to red bone marrow, but some white blood cells are produced in lymphatic tissues
Hematopoiesis
26
located at the pelvic bones
and at the ends of long bones
RED BONE MARROW
27
the single populations of cells where all formed elements of the blood is derived
HEMATOPOEITIC STEM CELLS OR HEMOCYTOBLASTS
28
where most formed elements is derived
MYELOID STEM CELLS
29
gives rise to the lymphocytes
LYMPHOID STEM CELLS
30
RBCs are what?
"Anucleate OR nucleate"
____ (Nucleus and most of their organelles is lost during development they are unable to divide)
ANUCLEATE
31
They make ATP by anaerobic mechanism because they lack mitochondria
RED BLOOD CELLS
32
RBCs outnumbered WBCs by 1000 to 1 and are the major contributors to ____
blood’s viscosity
33
If the number of RBCs _____, bloods become ____ and _____
DECREASES, THIN, FLOWS MORE RAPIDLY
34
FUNCTION OF RED BLOOD CELL
transport _____ to tissues and ___ to the lungs
OXYGEN;TISSUES
CARBON DIOXIDE;LUNGS
35
FUNCTION OF RED BLOOD CELL
Oxygen transport is accomplished when ____
enters____ and ____ to ____
OXYGEN; enters RBC
BINDS; to HEMOGLOBIN
36
An Iron-bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.
HEMOGLOBIN
37
Main component of erythrocytes – 1/3 of RBC volume
HEMOGLOBIN
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Transports Oxygen Molecule
HEMOGLOBIN
39
How many PROTEIN CHAIN does hemoglobin molecule contain?
4 PROTEIN CHAINS
40
How many HEME GROUP does hemoglobin molecule contain?
4 HEME GROUP
41
TRUE or FALSE; STATE WHY
"Each globin protein is not attached to a heme
molecule"
FALSE; Each globin protein should be attached to a heme molecule
42
How many iron atom does heme contain?
1 - iron atom
43
Oxygen molecule binds to iron
HEMOGLOBIN
44
Identify the color:
When hemoglobin is bounded with Oxygen Molecule
BRIGHT RED
45
Identify the color:
When hemoglobin is not bounded with Oxygen Molecule
DARKER RED
46
hemoglobin color meaning:
- means that your blood is oxygen-rich
BRIGHT RED HEMOGLOBIN
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hemoglobin color meaning:
- means your blood has less oxygen.
DARKER RED HEMOGLOBIN
48
____% of Oxygen Molecule (O2) is bound to hemoglobin; ___%
dissolved in plasma
98.5% : 1.5%
49
A hemoglobin with an O2 attached
OXYHEMOGLOBIN
50
binds to iron in hemoglobin 210x more readily than O2 and does not tend to unbind
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
51
Prolonged exposure of carbon monoxide may lead to 4 factors:
NAUSEA
HEADACHE
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
DEATH
52
70% of CO2 in the blood is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions; 30% of CO2 is transported to either protein-bind or dissolved in plasma.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
53
gives rise to the red blood cell line
Proerythroblasts
54
Low blood O2 levels cause kidneys to ____
production of ERYTHROPOEITIN.
INCREASE
55
stimulates red bone marrow to
produce more erythrocytes.
ERYTHROPOEITIN
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it is the production of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
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starts in the red bone marrow with a precursor
cell called a proerythroblast
Erythropoiesis
58
a cell near the end of the development
sequence ejects its nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte
Erythropoiesis
59
● fight infections and remove dead
cells and debris by phagocytosis
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
60
● Spherical in shape
● Lack hemoglobin
● Larger than erythrocytes
● Contain a nucleus
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)
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● Visible Granules in their cytoplasm
● can be stained
● Possess lobed nuclei
GRANULOCYTES
62
The major component of plasma.
WATER
63
Granulocyte that phagocytizes microorganisms; form pus when they accumulate and die.
NEUTROPHILS
64
Granulocyte that promotes inflammation and heparin; releases histamine that prevents clot formation
BASOPHIL
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Granulocyte that reduces inflammation. Destroy parasites. Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks and asthma
EOSINOPHIL
66
Agranulocyte involved in immunity; produces antibodies.
LYMPHOCYTES
67
This cell enters tissues and is transformed into a macrophage. Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues. Important in
fighting chronic infection.
MONOCYTES
68
cells that mature in the bone marrow
B-CELL
69
mature in the thymus gland
T-CELLS
70
Needed for clotting process. Small amounts of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane; function in blood loss prevention.
PLATELET
71
The cells from which platelets are produced.
Megakaryocytes
72
This process stops bleeding from a blood vessel through a series of interconnected steps.
HEMOSTASIS
73
These steps lead to the formation of a plug that seals the damaged vessel, controlling the bleeding.
HEMOSTASIS
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starts with injury to the blood vessel's lining.
HEMOSTASIS
75
Blood VESSEL constriction which is immediate but temporary
VASCULAR SPASMS
76
can fully close small VESSELS and halt blood flow.
VASCULAR SPASMS
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This response is triggered by chemicals released from damaged VESSELS walls and by platelets.
VASCULAR SPASMS
78
Platelets release thromboxanes, which originate from specific prostaglandins.
VASCULAR SPASMS
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The cells lining the blood VESSELS release the peptide endothelin
VASCULAR SPASMS
80
Important in maintaining the integrity of damaged blood vessels.
PLATELET PLUG FORMATION
81
Platelets stick to exposed collagen in damaged vessel walls.
KEYWORDS
- Platelets ATTACH to collagen in vessel walls.
- ACTIVATION starts, causing shape change and release of chemicals.
Platelet adhesion
82
Platelets release chemicals (ADP, thromboxane) that activate more platelets.
KEYWORDS
- Chemicals released: ADP, thromboxane.
- These chemicals bind to receptors on other platelets, activating them.
- Activated platelets express fibrinogen receptors.
Platelet release reaction
83
Fibrinogen forms bridges between fibrinogen receptors of activated platelets.
KEYWORDS
- Fibrinogen bridges platelets.
- Results in a platelet plug that temporarily seals the injury.
Platelet aggregation
84
AKA COAGULATION
BLOOD CLOTTING
85
an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured
BLOOD CLOTTING (COAGULATION)
86
also called thrombus
CLOT
87
Blood loss from blood vessels can be stopped or reduced by
contraction of (1) in the blood vessel wall. Exposure of collagen in damaged tissue can result in platelet adhesion to collagen by
(2) . In the platelet release reaction, platelets release ADP and (3), which activate other platelets. In platelet aggregation, platelets
are connected to each other by (4) to form a platelet plug, which can seal small tears in blood vessels. Exposed collagen or
chemicals released from injured tissues can start a series of chemical reactions that result in the production of (5) . This
substance converts prothrombin to (6) which in turn converts fibrinogen into (7) . This network of protein fibers traps blood
cells, platelets, and fluid, and is called a (8) . This structure can
prevent blood loss from large tears in blood vessels
1. smooth muscle
2. integrins
3. thromboxane
4. fibrinogen
5. prothrombinase
6. thrombin
7. fibrin
8. clot
88
A clot that forms in a blood vessel.
THROMBUS
89
A normal erythrocyte loses its (1) and most of its organelles during development. The main component of an erythrocyte
is the pigmented protein (2) , which accounts for the red color of erythrocytes. The part of hemoglobin that contains
an iron atom and transport oxygen is (3) , and the part that is a protein chain and transports carbon dioxide is (4) . Carbon dioxide is also transported as a bicarbonate ion because of a chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme (5)
1. nucleus
2. hemoglobin
3. heme
4. globin
5. carbonic anyhydrase
90
Derived from stem cells; give rise to erythrocytes.
PROERYTHROBLASTS
91
A buildup of bilirubin in the blood.
JAUNDICE
91
Derived from heme and excreted in bile.
BILIRUBIN
92
Substance such as antithrombin that prevents clots from forming.
Anticoagulant
92
Used by leukocytes to leave blood and move through tissue
AMEBOID MOVEMENT
93
The process by which a clot becomes denser and more compact. Helps enhance healing
CLOT RETRACTION
94
The process by which a clot is dissolved.
FIBRINOLYSIS
95
Formed from plasminogen, this substance breaks down fibrin.
Plasmin
96
Stimulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.
T-PA
97
A detached clot or substance that floats through the circulatory system and becomes lodged in a blood vessel.
A clot that travels through
the bloodstream to block another vessel.
EMBOLUS
98
process of dissolving clot. plasminogen (plasma protein) breaks down clot (fibrin)
Fibrinolysis
99
Transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
100
is the person who gives blood.
Donor
101
is the person who receives blood.
Recipient
102
is the introduction of a fluid other
than blood, such as saline or glucose solution, into the blood.
INFUSION
103
The clumping of blood cells. (DOT - DOTS)
AGGLUTINATION
104
The rupture of red blood cells.
Hemolysis
105
These are molecules found on the
surface of erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Antigens
106
These are proteins present in the
plasma.
Antibodies
107
named based on the type of
antigen present.
BLOOD GROUPS
108
has type A antigens
TYPE A
109
type B antigens
TYPE B
110
HAS TYPE A and TYPE B ANTIGEN
TYPE AB
111
has neither A nor B antigens
TYPE O
112
has ANTI-B bodies present
TYPE A
113
has ANTI-A bodies present
TYPE B
114
has neither A nor B antibodies
TYPE AB
115
HAS TYPE A and TYPE B ANTIBODIES
TYPE O
116
○ Caused by maternal production of anti-Rh antibodies.
○ Antibodies cross the placenta, leading to agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells.
○ Can be fatal for the fetus.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (or Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn)
117
How can we treat erythroblastosis?
by treating the mother with
RhoGAM, which contains anti-Rh
antibodies.
