CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
called the “river of life”
A
Blood
2
Q
fluid tissue in the body
A
Blood
3
Q
Blood might appear to be A. ____, B._____ liquid but the microscope reveals that it has both C.___ and D._____ components
A
A. thick
B. Homogenous
C. solid
D. Liquid
4
Q
7 functions of the blood
A
Transport of:
- Gases, nutrients and waste products
- processed molecules
- regulatory molecules
- Regulation of pH and osmosis
- Maintenance of body temperature
- Protection against foreign substances
- Clot formation
5
Q
It serves as the liquid base for whole blood
A
PLASMA
6
Q
___% of total blood
A
55%
7
Q
CHARACTERISTIC OF PLASMA
A
pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells
8
Q
___% water, ___ % proteins, and ___% other
A
91% water
7% proteins
2% other
9
Q
COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
A
PLASMA, BUFFY COAT, RBC
10
Q
PLASMA PROTEINS
A
ALBUMIN, GLOBULIN, FIBRINOGEN
11
Q
58% of plasma proteins
A
ALBUMIN
12
Q
helps maintain water balance
A
ALBUMIN
13
Q
An important blood buffer and contributes to osmotic pressure.
A
ALBUMIN
14
Q
Most abundant plasma protein
A
ALBUMIN
15
Q
helps immune system
A
GLOBULIN
16
Q
Manufactured in the liver
A
ALBUMIN
17
Q
4% of plasma proteins
A
FIBRINOGEN
18
Q
38% of plasma proteins
A
GLOBULIN
19
Q
a transparent, straw-coloured, liquid portion of the blood
A
Plasma
20
Q
liquid or undiluted part of the blood, which lacks clotting factors
A
serum
21
Q
aids in clot formation
A
FIBRINOGEN
22
Q
it is formed after blood coagulation.
A
serum
23
Q
It is composed of serum and clotting factor.
A
Plasma
24
Q
Also known as “Erythrocytes”
A
RED BLOOD CELLS
25
Also known as "leukocytes"
White Blood Cells
26
Also known as "thrombocytes"
PLATELETS
27
is the process that produces formed elements and continues throughout out lives.
HEMATOPOIESIS
28
Responsible for the formation of blood clots.
FIBRINOGEN
29
the layer between RBC and plasma
usually composed of WBC and platelets
Buffy Coat
30
The process of blood cell production.
HEMATOPOIESIS
31
Molecules that function in immunity.
GLOBULINS
32
Primarily responsible for the osmotic pressure of blood.
ALBUMIN AND SODIUM IONS
33
is located at the pelvic bones
and at the ends of long bones
Red bone marrow
34
The major component of plasma.
WATER
35
Pale yellow fluid; forms more than half the blood volume.
PLASMA
36
A normal erythrocyte loses its (1) and most of its organelles during development. The main component of an erythrocyte
is the pigmented protein (2) , which accounts for the red color of erythrocytes. The part of hemoglobin that contains
an iron atom and transport oxygen is (3) , and the part that is a protein chain and transports carbon dioxide is (4) . Carbon dioxide is also transported as a bicarbonate ion because of a chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme (5)
NaNaHaGaCU
1. nucleus
2. hemoglobin
3. heme
4. globin
5. carbonic anyhydrase
37
Red blood cells; 95% of the volume of the formed elements.
Erythrocytes
38
Derived from stem cells; give rise to erythrocytes.
PROERYTHROBLASTS
39
The effect of erythropoietin on erythrocyte production in the red bone marrow.
Increases
39
When blood oxygen levels decrease the kidneys release this substance.
Erythropoietin
39
Cells in the liver and spleen; remove erythrocytes from the blood.
Macrophages
40
Derived from heme and excreted in bile.
Bilirubin
41
A buildup of bilirubin in the blood.
Jaundice
42
Used by leukocytes to leave blood and move through tissue
Ameboid movement
43
Leukocytes containing large cytoplasmic granules that stain.
Granulocytes
44
Granulocyte that phagocytizes microorganisms; form pus when they accumulate and die.
Neutrophil
45
Granulocyte that promotes inflammation; releases histamine.
Basophil
46
Granulocyte that reduces inflammation
Eosinophil
47
Agranulocyte involved in immunity; produces antibodies.
Lymphocyte
48
Small amounts of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane; function in blood loss prevention.
Platelet
48
This cell enters tissues and is transformed into a macrophage.
Monocyte
49
The cells from which platelets are produced.
Megakaryocytes
50
Substance such as antithrombin that prevents clots from forming.
Anticoagulant
51
Blood loss from blood vessels can be stopped or reduced by
contraction of (1) in the blood vessel wall. Exposure of collagen in damaged tissue can result in platelet adhesion to collagen by
(2) . In the platelet release reaction, platelets release ADP and (3), which activate other platelets. In platelet aggregation, platelets
are connected to each other by (4) to form a platelet plug, which can seal small tears in blood vessels. Exposed collagen or
chemicals released from injured tissues can start a series of chemical reactions that result in the production of (5) . This
substance converts prothrombin to (6) which in turn converts fibrinogen into (7) . This network of protein fibers traps blood
cells, platelets, and fluid, and is called a (8) . This structure can
prevent blood loss from large tears in blood vessels
1. smooth muscle
2. integrins
3. thromboxane
4. fibrinogen
5. prothrombinase
6. thrombin
7. fibrin
8. clot
52
The process by which a clot becomes denser and more compact.
Clot retraction
53
Plasma without its clotting factors.
Serum
54
The process by which a clot is dissolved.
Fibrinolysis
54
Formed from plasminogen, this substance breaks down fibrin.
Plasmin
55
Stimulates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.
t-PA
56
A clot that forms in a blood vessel.
Thrombus
57
A detached clot or substance that floats through the circulatory system and becomes lodged in a blood vessel.
Embolus
58
The transfer of blood, parts of blood, or solutions into the blood of a patient.
Transfusion
59
Molecules in the plasma that can combine with antigens on erythrocytes; activate mechanisms that destroy the erythrocytes.
Antibodies
60
Molecules on the surface of erythrocytes that can bind to antibodies.
Antigens
61
A clumping together of erythrocytes caused by antibodies combining with antigens
Agglutination
62
The rupture of erythrocytes.
Hemolysis
62
The classes of erythrocytes based on their surface antigens.
Blood groups
63
The type of blood that has A antigens and B antibodies.
TYPE A BLOOD
64
The type of blood that does not have A or B antigens, but does have A and B antibodies.
TYPE O BLOOD
65
A person who receives blood.
Recepient
66
People with this type of blood have been called universal donors.
TYPE O BLOOD
67
The result of giving a transfusion of type A blood to a person with type A blood.
NO REACTION
68
The result of giving a transfusion of type A blood to a person with type B blood.
Transfusion Reaction
69
Blunt, rounded point; most inferior part of the heart.
Apex
70
Larger, flat portion of the heart opposite the point.
Base
71
Tough, fibrous connective tissue outer layer of the pericardium
Fibrous Pericardium
72
Inner layer of the pericardium; a layer of flat epithelial cells.
Serous Pericardium
73
Serous pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium.
Parietal Pericardium
74
Groove that runs around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles.
Coronary Sulcus
74
Serous pericardium that covers the heart surface.
Visceral Pericardium
75
Space between the visceral and parietal pericardia.
Pericardial Cavity
76
Fluid in the pericardial cavity that helps reduce friction as the heart moves within the pericardial sac.
Pericardial Fluid
77
Carry blood from the body to the right atrium.
Venae Cavae
78
Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Pulmonary Veins
79
Carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries
80
Carries blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Aorta
81
Supply blood to the tissues of the heart.
Coronary Arteries
82
Large vein that drains the cardiac veins of the heart and empties into the right atrium.
Coronary Sinus
83
Supplies blood to much of the anterior wall of the heart and most of the left ventricle.
Left Coronary Artery
84
Supplies blood to most of the wall of the right ventricle.
Right Coronary Artery
84
Drain blood from cardiac muscle; empty into coronary sinus.
Cardiac Veins
85
Wall that separates the right and left atria.
Interatrial septum
86
Wall that separates the right and left ventricles.
Interventricular Valve
87
Atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Tricuspid Valve
88
Atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
89
Cone-shaped muscular pillars in each ventricle.
Papillary Muscle
90
Connective tissue strings connecting papillary muscles with the cusps of atrioventricular valves.
Chordae Tendineae
91
Valves with three cusps found in the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Semilunar valve
92
Plate of fibrous connective tissue that provides support, electrical insulation, and rigid attachment for cardiac muscle
Skeleton of the Heart
93
Blood flows into the right atrium from the (1) , which returns blood from all the tissues of the body. Blood then flows into the (2) , which completes filling as the right atrium contracts. Contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood against the
(3) , which closes, and the (4) , which opens, allowing blood
to enter the (5) . The (6) carry blood to the lungs, where
carbon dioxide is released, and oxygen is picked up. Blood
returning from the lungs enters the (7) through the four (8) .
Blood passing from the left atrium to the left ventricle opens
the (9) , and contraction of the left atrium completes filling of
the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle opens the (10) allowing blood to enter the aorta.
1. Systemic circulation
2. Right Atrium
3. Tricuspid Valve
4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
5. Pulmonary Trunk
6. Pulmonary Arteries
7. Left Atrium
8. Pulmonary Vein
9. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
10. Aortic Semilunar Valve
94
Thin serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart; also called visceral pericardium.
Epicardium
95
Thick middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle.
Myocardium
96
Smooth inner surface of the heart chambers; composed of simple squamous epithelium over connective tissue.
Endocardium
97
The energy for cardiac muscle contraction is provided by (1) . Cardiac muscle cells have many (2) , where ATP is
produced at a rapid enough rate to sustain muscle contraction. (3) must be supplied to the cells, because, unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cannot develop a significant oxygen debt. The cardiac muscle cells are bound to each other by specialized cell-to-cell contacts called (4) , which reduce electrical resistance between cells, allowing action potentials to pass from cell to cell.
1. ATP
2. MITOCHONDRIA
3. OXYGEN
4. INTERCALATED DISK
98
Increases ventricular pressure; bicuspid and tricuspid valves close and aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves open.
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
99
Process that causes the last 30% of ventricular volume to fill.
ATRIAL SYSTOLE
100
Decreases ventricular pressure; aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close and bicuspid and tricuspid valves open.
VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
101
Caused by leaky valve; swishing sound after valve closure.
MURMUR
101
Results from the closure of semilunar valves.
SECOND HEART SOUND
101
Volume of blood pumped by either ventricle of the heart each minute (stroke volume X heart rate).
CARDIAC OUTPUT
102
Occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole; results from the closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
FIRST HEART SOUND
103
Narrowed valve; swishing sound before valve closure.
STENOSED VALVE
104
Volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts.
STROKE VOLUME
105
Sensory receptors sensitive to the stretch of the walls of the aorta and internal carotid arteries.
BARORECEPTORS
106
Sensory receptors sensitive to changes in pH and carbon dioxide levels.
CHEMORECEPTORS
107
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body (not the lungs) and back to the heart.
SYSTEMIC VESSELS
108
Type of vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
ARTERY
109
Type of vessel where exchange occurs between the blood and tissue fluid.
CAPILLARY
110
Innermost layer of a blood vessel consisting of endothelium.
TUNICA INTIMA
111
Middle layer of a blood vessel consisting of varying amounts of smooth muscle, elastic fibers, and collagen fibers.
TUNICA MEDIA
112
Outer connective tissue layer of a blood vessel.
TUNICA ADVENTITIA
113
Largest arteries; stretch and recoil when blood enters them.
ELASTIC ARTERIES
114
Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries; adapted for vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
ARTERIOLES
115
Vessel that consists of only endothelium.
CAPILLARIES
116
Structures in veins that prevent the backflow of blood.
VALVES
117
Degenerative changes in arteries that make them less elastic.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
118
Regulates blood flow through capillaries.
PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTER
119
Vessel arising from the right ventricle.
PULMONARY TRUNK
120
Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs; these two vessels arise from the pulmonary trunk.
PULMONARY ARTERY
121
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
PULMONARY VEIN
122
Gives rise to the coronary arteries, which supply the heart.
ASCENDING AORTA
123
Gives rise to the brachiocephalic, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian arteries.
AORTIC ARCH
124
Longest part of the aorta, running from the aortic arch to the common iliac arteries.
DESCENDING AORTA
125
Portion of the aorta between the aortic arch and diaphragm.
THORACIC AORTA
126
The greatest drop in blood pressure occurs here.
ARTERIOLES AND CAPILLARIES
127
Has the lowest resistance to blood flow.
VEINS
128
Regulates blood flow through specific tissues.
ARTERIOLES AND CAPILLARIES
129
Regulates blood flow to regions of the body.
MUSCULAR ARTERIES
130
Achieved by contraction and relaxation of the precapillary sphincters.
LOCAL CONTROL
131
Effect of decreased oxygen or increased carbon dioxide on the precapillary sphincters.
RELAXATION
132
Part of the sympathetic nervous system; continually stimulates most blood vessels.
VASOMOTOR CENTER
133
Condition of partial constriction of blood vessels caused by sympathetic stimulation.
VASOMOTOR TONE
134
Control system that routes blood from the skin and viscera to exercising muscles.
NERVOUS CONTROL
135
Slightly less than the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta.
Mean arterial pressure
136
Equal to heart rate times stroke volume.
Cardiac output
137
Total resistance to blood flow in all the blood vessels.
PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
138
Equal to cardiac output times peripheral resistance.
MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
139
Equal to heart rate times stroke volume times peripheral resistance.
MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
140
Receptors that respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH are called (1) . They are located in the carotid bodies, aortic
bodies, and medulla oblongata. A decrease in blood oxygen, an increase in blood carbon dioxide, or a decrease in blood
pH activate chemoreceptor reflexes. As a result, blood vessels (2) , and vasomotor tone (1) . The change in blood
vessel diameter causes peripheral resistance to (4) , and this
in turn causes blood pressure to (5) . The change in blood
pressure (6) blood flow to the lungs, which helps to increase blood oxygen levels and decrease blood carbon dioxide levels.
chemoreceptors
constrict
increases
increase
increase
increases
141
Pressure receptors that respond to stretch produced by blood pressure are called (1) . They are located in the large arteries of the neck and thorax. Action potentials from the baroreceptors pass to the medulla oblongata, which
produces responses in blood vessels and in the heart. A decrease in blood pressure is detected by these receptors and
activates baroreceptor reflexes. As a result, blood vessels (2) , and vasomotor tone (3) . The change in blood vessel
diameter causes peripheral resistance to (4) , and this in turn causes blood pressure to (5) . At the same time, baroreceptor reflexes cause heart rate and stroke volume to (6) . These changes causes blood pressure to (7) .
baroreceptors
constrict
increases
increases
increases
increases
increases
142
Released by the adrenal medulla; increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate, stroke volume, and vasoconstriction.
EPINEPHRINE
143
Released by the kidneys in response to a decrease in blood pressure; converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
RENIN
144
Produced from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme; increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.
ANGIOTENSIN II
145
Acts on the adrenal cortex to cause increased aldosterone secretion.
ANGIOTENSIN II
146
Increases sodium and water uptake in the kidneys; maintains or increases blood pressure by maintaining or increasing blood volume.
ALDOSTERONE
147
Secreted by the hypothalamus this hormone prevents WATER LOSS from the kidneys; maintains blood pressure by maintaining blood volume; also causes vasoconstriction. (PARA HINDI KA MADEHYDRATE)
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
148
Released from the right atrium this hormone stimulates increased urine production; decreases blood pressure by decreasing blood volume.
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE
149
Tiny, closed-ended vessels consisting of simple squamous epithelium.
LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
150
One-way valves present; lymphatic capillaries branch from these.
LYMPHATIC VALVES
151
Large lymphatic vessel that empties into the left subclavian vein; drains all but right head, neck, chest and upper arm.
THORACIC DUCT
152
Lymphocytes originate from (1) and are carried by the blood to (2) . When the body is exposed to microorganisms or foreign substances, the lymphocytes (3) and increase in number. Lymphocytes are part of the (4) response that destroys microorganisms and foreign substances. In addition to cells, lymphatic tissue has very fine (5) fibers. This fiber network holds lymphocytes and other cells in place, and when blood or lymph filters through, traps (6) and other items in the fluid.
1. RED BONE MARROW
2. LYMPHATIC ORGANS
3. DIVIDE
4. IMMUNE
5. RETICULAR FIBERS
6. MICROORGANISMS
153
"The tonsils" located on each side of the posterior opening of the oral cavity.
PALATINE TONSILS
154
Located near the internal opening of the nasal cavity; also called the adenoid.
PHARYNGEAL TONSILS
155
Located on the posterior surface of the tongue.
LINGUAL TONSIL
156
Lymphocytes and other cells that form dense aggregations of tissue in a lymph node.
LYMPH NODULES
157
A space between lymphatic tissue in the lymph node; contains macrophages on a network of fibers.
LYMPH SINUS
158
Areas of rapidly dividing lymphocytes within a lymph node.
GERMINAL CENTERS
159
Lymph nodes in the groin area.
INGUINAL
160
Lymph nodes in the armpit area.
AXILLARY
161
Lymph nodes in the neck area.
CERVICAL
162
The spleen filters (1) instead of lymph. The spleen contains (2) , which surrounds arteries within the spleen, and (3) , which is associated with veins. The spleen detects and responds to (4) in the blood, destroys worn out (5) , and acts as a (6) reservoir. (7) in the white pulp can be stimulated in the same manner as in lymph nodes, and (8) in the red pulp remove foreign substances and worn out erythrocytes through phagocytosis.
1. BLOOD
2. WHITE PULP
3. RED PULP
4. FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
5. ERYTHROCYTES
6. BLOOD
7. LYMPHOCYTES
8. MACROPHAGES
163
In a newborn, the thymus is large. It continues to grow slowly until puberty, but after puberty the thymus (1) in size. The thymus functions as a site for the production and maturation of (2) . Large numbers of lymphocytes are produced in the thymus, but for unknown reasons, most (3) . While in the thymus, lymphocytes do not respond to (4) . After the lymphocytes have matured, they enter the
(5) and travel to other (6) , where they help to protect against microorganisms and other foreign substances
1. DECREASES
2. LYMPHOCYTE
3. DEGENERATE
4. FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
5. BLOOD
6. THYMIC TISSUES
164
Identical response occurs each time the body is exposed to a given substance.
INNATE IMMUNITY
165
Response to a substance during the second exposure is faster and stronger than during the first exposure; exhibits specificity and memory.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
166
Response results in a person being immune to harmful effects of a bacteria or virus.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
167
Prevent the entry of microorganisms into the body; e.g., skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and urine.
MECHANICAL MECHANISMS
168
Lysozyme and mucus.
CELL SURFACE
169
TYPE OF INNATE IMMUNITY:
1. Histamine, complement, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.
2. Cause vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, and stimulate phagocytosis.
3. A group of plasma proteins activated by foreign substances or antibodies; promote inflammation, phagocytosis, and lysis.
INFLAMMATORY CHEMICAL
170
Interferons
Viral protection chemical
171
General term for cells that are capable of ingestion and destruction of particles.
PHAGOCYTES
172
Small phagocytic leukocytes that are usually the first cells to enter infected tissue.
NEUTROPHIL
173
Monocytes that leave the blood, enter tissues, and enlarge fivefold.
MACROPHAGES
174
Group name for monocytes and macrophages.
MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM
175
Cells that release inflammatory chemicals such as histamines and leukotrienes.
BASOPHILS
176
Lymphocytes produced in red bone marrow that kill tumor and virus-infected cells, but have no memory response.
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
176
Cells that release enzymes that break down chemicals released by basophils and mast cells.
EOSINOPHIL
177
General term for substances that stimulate adaptive immunity responses.
ANTIGENS
178
Antigens introduced from outside the body.
FOREIGN ANTIGENS
178
Overreaction of the immune system to foreign antigens such as pollen, animal hairs, food, and drugs.
ALLERGIC REACTION
179
Molecules produced by the body that stimulate an immune system response; stimulate autoimmune disease.
SELF-ANTIGENS
180
Lymphocytes that produce proteins called antibodies.
B-CELLS
181
Immunity produced by antibodies in plasma; humoral immunity.
ANTIBODY-MEDIATED
182
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity and
involved in regulating cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity.
T-CELLS
183
Antibody binds to antigen or antigens and inactivates them.
DIRECT EFFECT
184
Macrophages attach to constant region and phagocytize the antigen; complement is activated; inflammatory chemicals are released by mast cells.
INDIRECT EFFECT
185
Results from the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen.
PRIMARY RESPONSE
186
Lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
PLASMA CELLS
187
Response to an antigen that is faster and produces larger quantities of antibodies.
SECONDARY RESPONSE
188
Lymphocytes responsible for the secondary (memory) response.
MEMORY B-CELLS
189
Cells responsible for the cell-mediated immunity response; foreign antigen stimulates these cells to lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, or tissue transplant cells.
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS
190
Chemicals that are released by cytotoxic T cells and attract macrophages, or activate additional T cells.
CYTOKINES
190
T cells that provide a secondary response and long-lasting immunity.
MEMORY T-CELLS
191
Results from natural exposure to an antigen that causes the body's immune system to respond against the antigen.
ACTIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
192
Results when an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate his immune system; also called vaccination.
ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
193
Results from the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her child across the placenta.
PASSIVE NATURAL IMMUNITY
194
Results when antibodies are removed from a human or another animal and injected into an individual requiring immunity.
PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
195
General term used for antibodies that provide passive artificial immunity.
ANTISERUM
