Blood Vessels and Circulation

Question 1

carry blood away from the heart

Answer 1

arteries

Question 2

the smallest arterial branches

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

What are the three distinct layers of the wall of the arteries and veins

Answer 3

• tunica interna
• tunica media
• tunica externa

Question 4

the inner layer of a blood vessel

Answer 4

tunica interna

Question 5

in arteries, the outer margin of the tunica intima contains a thick layer of elastic fibers

Answer 5

internal elastic membrane

Question 6

the middle layer of the blood vessel, that contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue in a framework of loose connective tissue

Answer 6

tunica media

Question 7

thickest layer in a small artery

Answer 7

tunica media

Question 8

outer layer of a blood vessel, it is a connective tissue sheath

Answer 8

tunica externa

Question 9

aorta 100 mmHg to arteriole 35 mmHg

Answer 9

blood pressure (arterial pressure)

Question 10

arterial end (35 mmHg) to venous edn (18mmHg)

Answer 10

capillary pressure

Question 11

18 mmHg to - 0 at right atrium

Answer 11

venous pressure

Question 12

highest pressure during ventricular contraction (90-119)

Answer 12

systolic pressure

Question 13

chronic high blood pressure, >140/90

Answer 13

hypertension

Question 14

chronic low blood pressure,

Answer 14

hypotension

Question 15

lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation (60-79)

Answer 15

diastolic pressure

Question 16

when two blood vessels merge

Answer 16

anastomoses

Question 17

2 differences between veins and arteries?

Answer 17

Veins have low pressure and thin wall. Arteries have high pressure and thick walls.

Question 18

Vessels supplying wall of the arteries and veins

Answer 18

vasa vasorum

Question 19

Do arteries and veins both have valves?

Answer 19

No only veins

Question 20

What three classes of lymphocytes circulate in blood?

Answer 20

T cells, B cells and NK cells

Question 21

Does not distinguish one type of threat from another, their response is the same regardless of the invader

Answer 21

innate (nonspecific) immunity

Question 22

Examples of innate defenses.

Answer 22

physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, and fever

Question 23

protects against particular threats, not present at birth

Answer 23

adaptive (specific) immunity

Question 24

defends against abnormal cells and pathogens inside cells

Answer 24

cell-mediated immunity

Question 25

defends against antigens and pathogens in body fluid

Answer 25

humoral immunity

Question 26

normally begins to develop after birth, it continues to build as you encounter "new" pathogens or other antigens

Answer 26

naturally acquired active immunity

Question 27

stimulates the body to produce antibodies under controlled conditions so that you will be able to overcome natural exposure to the pathogen in the future

Answer 27

artificially induced active immunity

Question 28

a baby receives antibodies from the mother, either during gestation or in early infancy

Answer 28

naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 29

a person receives antibodies to fight infection or prevent disease

Answer 29

artificially induced passive immunity

Question 30

Stem cells in red bone marrow give rise to?

Answer 30

lymphocyte precursors

Question 31

Some lymphocyte precursors are processed by the thymus to become?

Answer 31

T cells

Question 32

Some lymphocyte precursors are processed with bone marrow to become?

Answer 32

B cells

Question 33

Both T cells and B cells are transported through the blood to?

Answer 33

lymphatic organs, such as lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts, and spleen

Question 34

Active-antigen exposure is?

Answer 34

long term

Question 35

passive-antibodies transfer is?

Answer 35

short term

Question 36

Example of artificial passive.

Answer 36

injections

Question 37

Example of artificial active

Answer 37

vaccine

Question 38

Messengers from immune cells associated with inflammation

Answer 38

cytokines

Question 39

deadly flu viruses activate T cells to

Answer 39

overproduce cytokines

Question 40

Antibodies account for 80% of all antibodies. Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins. Only type that crosses placental barriers

Answer 40

IgG antibodies

Question 41

attaches as an individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils and mast cells. i.e. allergy

Answer 41

IgE antibodies

Question 42

an individual molecule on the surfaces of B cells, where it can bind antigens in the extracellular fluid.

Answer 42

IgD antibodies

Question 43

The first class of antibody secreted after an antigen is encountered. Concentration declines as IgG production accelerates. The anti-A and anti-B antibodies responsible for the agglutination of incompatible blood types.

Answer 43

IgM antibodies

Question 44

Found primarily in glandular secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and semen. These antibodies attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues.

Answer 44

IgA antibodies

Question 45

The anti-Rh antibodies produced by Rh-negative mothers produce?

Answer 45

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 46

Antigens there won't elicit an immune response. Protect organs from damage due to inflammatory immune response

Answer 46

immunoprivileged sites

Question 47

-Big -Elastic fibers _expand and recoil with pulsatile flow

Answer 47

conducting (elastic) arteries

Question 48

-medium -smooth muscle -radius change (laminar flow, pressure more constant) e.g. brachial artery, femoral artery

Answer 48

Distributing (muscular) arteries

Question 49

"resistance vessels" - small, smooth muscle - determine flow through capillaries

Answer 49

arterioles

Question 50

"hardening" of artery walls with age elastic fibers stiffen, limit expansion

Answer 50

arteroscerosis

Question 51

bulge/break in artery

Answer 51

aneurysm

Question 52

a small blood vessel, located between an arteriole and a venule, who thin walls permits the diffusion of gases, nutrients, and wastes between plasma and interstitial fluids

Answer 52

capillary

Question 53

regulate flow to capillary, controlled by local chemicals and dissolved gases

Answer 53

precapillary sphincters

Question 54

3 types of capillaries

Answer 54

Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoid/Discontinuous

Question 55

supply most regions in the body. the endothelium is a complete lining. permit water, small solutes, and lipid-soluble materials to diffuse into the interstitial fluid

Answer 55

continuous capillaries

Question 56

contains windows, or pores, that penetrate the endothelial lining. the pores allow rapid exchange of water and solutes between blood and interstitial fluid. where blood need to absorb substances

Answer 56

fenestrated capillaries

Question 57

few tights junctions, large gaps. permit the free exchange of water and solutes as large as plasma proteins between blood and interstitial fluid.

Answer 57

sinusoid

Question 58

volume regulators

Answer 58

veins

Question 59

volume reservoir | -stretchy, compliant, regulate via smooth musclw

Answer 59

large capcitance

Question 60

Venous return is affected by?

Answer 60

Muscle contraction of limbs sympathetic stimulation gravity respiratory pump(thoracic pump)