Hematology (Blood)

Question 1

A specialized fluid connective tissue that contains cell suspended in a fluid matrix

Answer 1

blood

Question 2

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 2

• transport dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
• regulating the pH and Ion composition of interstitial fluids
• restricting fluid losses at injury site
• defending against toxins and pathogens
• stabilizing body temp

Question 3

Which of the 4 major tissue types is blood?

Answer 3

connective tissue

Question 4

What is the ECM of blood?

Answer 4

plasma

Question 5

fluid matrix of blood, makes up 48-63% of the volume

Answer 5

plasma

Question 6

What are the 3 different types of plasma proteins?

Answer 6

albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

Question 7

Which plasma protein constitutes for about 60% of the plasma in proteins and is a major contributor to osmotic pressure of plasma?

Answer 7

albumins

Question 8

Account for approx. 35% of the proteins in plasma. Include antibodies and transport________.

Answer 8

Globulins

Question 9

Antibodies are also called

Answer 9

immunoglobulins

Question 10

Bind small ions, hormones, and other compounds

Answer 10

transport globulins

Question 11

Functions in clotting, and normally accounts for roughly 4% of plasma proteins

Answer 11

fibrinogen

Question 12

Used fro ATP production, growth, and cell maintenance

Answer 12

Organic nutrients

Question 13

Small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important for clotting

Answer 13

platelets

Question 14

play a role in the body’s defense mechanisms. also called leukocytes

Answer 14

white blood cells

Question 15

the most abundant blood cells, essential for the transport of oxygen in the blood. also called erythrocytes

Answer 15

red blood cells

Question 16

Oncotic pressure=

Answer 16

colloid osmotic pressure

Question 17

colloid osmotic pressure =

Answer 17

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins

Question 18

If plasma proteins are reduced, then there will be

Answer 18

a decrease in oncotic pressure and an increase in edema(fluid in tissue)

Question 19

serum=?

Answer 19

plasma-clotting proteins

Question 20

Engulf pathogens or debris in tissues, release cytotoxic enzymes and chemical

Answer 20

neutrophils

Question 21

engulf antibody-labeled materials, release cytotoxic enzymes, reduce inflammation; increase in allergic and parasitic situations

Answer 21

eosinophils

Question 22

enter damaged tissues and release histamine and other chemicals that promote inflammation

Answer 22

basophils

Question 23

enter tissues to become macrophages; engulf pathogens or debris

Answer 23

monocytes

Question 24

cells of lymphatic system, providing defense against specific pathogens or toxins

Answer 24

lymphocytes

Question 25

the process of blood cell formation

Answer 25

hemopoiesis

Question 26

What percent of plasma of is water?

Answer 26

99%

Question 27

The formed elements of the blood include

Answer 27

WBC, RBCs, and platelets

Question 28

Blood temperature is approx. _________________, and blood pH averages ________.

Answer 28

38C, 7.4

Question 29

Plasma contributes approx. _____________percent of the volume of whole blood, and water accounts for ________ percent of the plasma volume

Answer 29

55, 92

Question 30

Serum is?

Answer 30

plasma minus fibrinogen

Question 31

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of?

Answer 31

four protein chains and four heme groups

Question 32

The following is a list of the phases involved in the process of hemostasis. What is the correct sequence of the phases? (1) coagulation (2) fibrinolysis (3) vascular spasm (4) retraction (5) platelet phase

Answer 32

3,5,1,4,2

Question 33

Stem cells responsible for lymphopoiesis are located in?

Answer 33

the thymus and spleen, the lymph nodes, and the red bone marrow

Question 34

_____________ and _________ affect almost every aspect of the clotting process.

Answer 34

calcium and vitamin k

Question 35

maintains osmotic pressure of plasma and are important in the transport of fatty acids

Answer 35

albumin

Question 36

bind small ions, hormones, or compounds that might might otherwise be filtered out of the blood at the kidneys or have very low solubility. attack foreign proteins and pathogens

Answer 36

globulins

Question 37

Which type of antibodies does plasma contain for each of the following blood types? (a) type A, (b) type b, (c)type AB, (d) type O

Answer 37

(a) anti-B antibodies (b) anti-A antibodies (c) neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies (d) bother anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 38

What four characteristics of WBCs are important to their response to tissue invasion or injury?

Answer 38

* emigration (diapedesis) * amoeboid movement * positive chemotaxis * phagocytosis

Question 39

What kinds of WBCs contribute to the body's nonspecific defenses?

Answer 39

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes function in nonspecific defenses

Question 40

Name three types of lympocytes

Answer 40

(1) T cells (2) B cells (3) NK cells

Question 41

responsible for cell-mediated immunity

Answer 41

T cells

Question 42

responsible for humoral immunity

Answer 42

B cells

Question 43

responsible for immune surveillance

Answer 43

NK cells

Question 44

An inactive precursor that is converted to thrombin during coagulation

Answer 44

prothrombin

Question 45

an enzyme that causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

Answer 45

thrombin

Question 46

What four conditions cause the release of erythropoietin??

Answer 46

(1) during anemia (2) when blood flow to the kidneys declines (3) when oxygen content of the air in the lungs declines (4) when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged

Question 47

what contribution from the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways is necessary for the common pathway to begin?

Answer 47

Initiation of the common pathway requires the activation of Factor X by the extrinsic and/or intrinsic pathways

Question 48

Dehydration would?

Answer 48

cause an increase in the hematocrit

Question 49

Erythropoietin directly stimulates RBC formation by?

Answer 49

* increasing rates of mitotic divisions in erythroblasts * speed up the maturation of RBCs * accelerate the rate of hemoglobin synthesis

Question 50

The waste product bilirubin is formed from?

Answer 50

heme

Question 51

A difference between the A, B, and O blood types and the Rh factor is?

Answer 51

individuals who are Rh- do not carry agglutinins to Rh factor unless they have plasma

Question 52

Why is aspirin sometimes prescribed for the prevention of vascular problems?

Answer 52

inhibits clotting