Blood vessels, blood pressure and lymphatics Flashcards
(27 cards)
How does the lymphatic system connect the cardiovascular and immune systems?
A. It transports oxygenated blood to tissues and removes carbon dioxide
B. It absorbs excess interstitial fluid and houses immune cells
C. It pumps lymph throughout the body like the heart pumps blood
D. It carries oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream
B. It absorbs excess interstitial fluid and houses immune cells
The lymphatic system prevents fluid accumulation by returning excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system. It also contains lymphocytes and macrophages, which protect against pathogens, linking it to the immune system.
What happens if the lymphatic system fails to return interstitial fluid to the bloodstream?
A. Blood pressure increases significantly
B. Swelling (edema) occurs due to fluid buildup
C. Oxygen transport to tissues stops
D. The kidneys compensate by producing more red blood cells
B. Swelling (edema) occurs due to fluid buildup
If lymphatic vessels fail to drain excess interstitial fluid, it accumulates in tissues, leading to edema (swelling). This can occur in conditions like lymphedema or congestive heart failure.
What are the two major types of lymphatic system structures?
A. Lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
B. Lymph nodes and capillaries
C. Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs/tissues
D. Blood vessels and bone marrow
C. Lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs/tissues
The lymphatic system consists of:
Lymphatic vessels, which transport lymph back to the bloodstream
Lymphoid organs/tissues (e.g., lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils) that help fight infections.
Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
A. Spleen
B. Thymus
C. Lymph node
D. Tonsils
B. Thymus
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where T lymphocytes (T cells) mature. Other organs, like lymph nodes and spleen, are secondary lymphoid organs, where immune responses occur.
Where does lymph originate?
A. From plasma filtered out of the capillaries
B. From red bone marrow
C. From cerebrospinal fluid
D. From the spleen
A. From plasma filtered out of the capillaries
Lymph is formed when blood plasma leaks out of capillaries into tissues, becoming interstitial fluid. Once this fluid enters lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph.
How is lymph transported through the lymphatic system?
A. By the heart pumping lymph through vessels
B. By smooth muscle contractions in lymphatic vessels and skeletal muscle movement
C. By diffusion through tissues
D. By gravity
B. By smooth muscle contractions in lymphatic vessels and skeletal muscle movement
The lymphatic system lacks a pump like the heart. Instead, lymph moves through vessels via:
Skeletal muscle contractions
Smooth muscle contractions in vessel walls
One-way valves preventing backflow
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
A. To produce red blood cells
B. To filter lymph and activate the immune response
C. To store excess fluid
D. To transport oxygen
B. To filter lymph and activate the immune response
Lymph nodes contain macrophages that remove pathogens from lymph and lymphocytes that trigger immune responses against infections.
Which lymphoid organ is responsible for filtering blood and removing old red blood cells?
A. Thymus
B. Spleen
C. Tonsils
D. Peyer’s patches
B. Spleen
The spleen filters blood, removes old red blood cells, and stores platelets and iron. It also helps fight infections by producing lymphocytes.
Which lymphoid structures protect the body by trapping pathogens entering through the mouth and nose?
A. Peyer’s patches
B. Thymus
C. Tonsils
D. Spleen
C. Tonsils
Tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the throat that trap airborne and ingested pathogens, preventing infections.
What are Peyer’s patches and where are they found?
A. Lymphoid tissue in the intestines that defends against pathogens
B. Immune cells in the spleen that break down old red blood cells
C. Lymph nodes located in the lungs
D. Glands in the thymus that produce hormones
A. Lymphoid tissue in the intestines that defends against pathogens
Peyer’s patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine that monitor bacteria and prevent infections in the gut.
What does MALT stand for?
A. Major Antigen Lymphatic Transport
B. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
C. Macrophage Antigen Lymphatic Transfer
D. Multisystemic Autoimmune Lymphoid Therapy
B. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) includes tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and the appendix. It protects mucosal surfaces (respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts) from pathogens.
Which of the following is an example of MALT?
A. Lymph nodes
B. Thymus
C. Peyer’s patches
D. Bone marrow
C. Peyer’s patches
Peyer’s patches are part of MALT, protecting the intestinal lining from harmful bacteria. Other MALT components include tonsils and the appendix.
What would happen if lymphatic vessels failed to return fluid to the cardiovascular system?
A. Increased blood volume and higher blood pressure
B. Decreased blood volume and edema in tissues
C. Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
D. Increased red blood cell production
B. Decreased blood volume and edema in tissues
The lymphatic system returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream. Without this function, blood volume decreases, and fluid accumulates in tissues, causing edema.
What prevents the back flow of lymph within lymphatic vessels?
A. Contraction of the heart
B. One-way valves and skeletal muscle contractions
C. Diffusion of lymph
D. Direct connection to veins
B. One-way valves and skeletal muscle contractions
Lymphatic vessels contain one-way valves that prevent backflow. Lymph is moved by skeletal muscle contractions and smooth muscle contractions in vessel walls.
A patient has a swollen, painful lymph node. What does this likely indicate?
A. Normal lymphatic function
B. The presence of an infection
C. Blockage of lymphatic vessels
D. Cancer metastasis
B. The presence of an infection
Lymph nodes filter pathogens and produce immune cells. When an infection occurs, lymphocytes multiply, causing swelling and tenderness. In contrast, cancerous lymph nodes are usually painless.
A patient’s spleen has been removed. Which function is now impaired?
A. Oxygen transport
B. Blood clotting
C. Filtration of blood and immune response
D. Production of insulin
C. Filtration of blood and immune response
The spleen filters blood, destroys old red blood cells, and helps fight infections. After a splenectomy, the liver and bone marrow take over some functions, but immunity is weakened.
Why is the thymus important for immunity?
A. It produces antibodies
B. It filters pathogens from blood
C. It matures T lymphocytes (T cells)
D. It produces red blood cells
C. It matures T lymphocytes (T cells)
The thymus is essential for T cell development. Immature T lymphocytes travel from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they mature and become part of the immune system.
A patient with lymphedema has swelling in their legs. What is the underlying cause?
A. Excess red blood cell production
B. Blocked lymphatic drainage
C. Dehydration
D. Increased venous return
B. Blocked lymphatic drainage
Lymphedema occurs when lymphatic vessels cannot drain interstitial fluid, leading to chronic swelling in affected areas.
Why is MALT important?
A. It produces new red blood cells
B. It filters lymph before returning it to circulation
C. It provides immune protection at mucosal surfaces
D. It helps clot blood
C. It provides immune protection at mucosal surfaces
MALT is found in the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts, protecting against pathogens entering through mucous membranes.
Which structure is NOT part of MALT?
A. Tonsils
B. Peyer’s patches
C. Spleen
D. Appendix
C. Spleen
The spleen is a lymphoid organ, but it is not part of MALT. MALT structures include the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and appendix, which guard mucosal linings.
Which artery is most commonly used to check the pulse at the wrist?
A. Carotid artery
B. Radial artery
C. Femoral artery
D. Brachial artery
B. Radial artery
Rationale: The radial artery (located on the lateral wrist) is commonly used to assess heart rate.
Which major artery supplies blood to the brain?
A. Coronary artery
B. Brachial artery
C. Carotid artery
D. Femoral artery
C. Carotid artery
The carotid arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to the brain. A blockage can lead to a stroke (cerebrovascular accident).
What is a key difference between arteries and veins?
A. Arteries have valves, veins do not
B. Arteries carry deoxygenated blood, veins carry oxygenated blood
C. Arteries have thick muscular walls, veins have thinner walls with valves
D. Arteries only transport blood to the lungs
C. Arteries have thick muscular walls, veins have thinner walls with valves
Arteries have thick, muscular walls to withstand high pressure. Veins have valves to prevent backflow since they operate under low pressure.
