Urinary system Flashcards by Aiyana Towers

Which of the following is not a substance that the kidneys dispose of in urine?
A) Nitrogenous wastes
B) Toxins
C) Drugs
D) Nutrients
E) Excess ions

D) Nutrients

Nutrients are typically reabsorbed into the body rather than excreted unless they are in excess.

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What is one of the kidneys’ main functions in regulating blood pressure?
A) Secretion of insulin
B) Filtering glucose
C) Production of renin
D) Releasing oxygen

C) Production of renin

Renin influences the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

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Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys regarding blood cell production?
A) Stimulating red blood cell production
B) Stimulating digestion
C) Regulating body temperature
D) Balancing cholesterol levels

A) Stimulating red blood cell production

The kidneys produce erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production in response to low oxygen.

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Where are the kidneys located in the human body?
A) In the anterior abdominal cavity
B) Against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position
C) In the pelvic region
D) In the chest cavity

B) Against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position

The kidneys are positioned at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebrae.

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What is the typical size of an adult human kidney?
A) 6 cm long and 12 cm wide
B) 20 cm long and 15 cm wide
C) 10 cm long and 5 cm wide
D) 12 cm long and 6 cm wide

D) 12 cm long and 6 cm wide

This is the average size of an adult kidney.

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What structure sits atop each kidney?
A) Spleen
B) Adrenal gland
C) Pancreas
D) Ureter

B) Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands produce hormones such as adrenaline and aldosterone.

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Which of the following statements is true regarding cortical nephrons?
A) They are located entirely in the medulla.
B) They have a nephron loop that dips deep into the medulla.
C) They include the majority of the nephrons in the kidney.
D) They are found at the cortex-medulla junction.

C) They include the majority of the nephrons in the kidney

Cortical nephrons are located entirely in the kidney’s cortex.

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Where are juxtamedullary nephrons located in the kidney?
A) Entirely in the cortex
B) Only in the renal pyramids
C) Deep within the renal medulla
D) At the cortex-medulla junction

B) At the cortex-medulla junction

Juxtamedullary nephrons have a nephron loop that dips deep into the renal medulla.

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What is the role of collecting ducts in the kidney?
A) They collect urine from both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
B) They filter blood entering the kidneys.
C) They produce erythropoietin.
D) They transport urine from the renal pelvis to the ureter.

A) They collect urine from both cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

Collecting ducts transport urine to the renal pelvis for excretion.

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Which of the following substances is not typically forced through the capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule during glomerular filtration?
A) Water
B) Glucose
C) Proteins
D) Amino acids

C) Proteins

Proteins are too large to be filtered under normal conditions.

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What is the main process involved in tubular reabsorption?
A) Removal of waste products from the blood
B) Transport of essential substances like glucose, water, and amino acids from the filtrate into the blood
C) Secretion of drugs and toxins into the renal tubule
D) Filtration of water and solutes through the glomerulus

B) Transport of essential substances like glucose, water, and amino acids from the filtrate into the blood

Tubular reabsorption is crucial for reclaiming valuable substances.

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Which of the following substances is involved in tubular secretion?
A) Water and glucose
B) Creatinine and drugs
C) Nutrients and amino acids
D) Oxygen and carbon dioxide

B) Creatinine and drugs

Tubular secretion helps eliminate substances from the body.

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Which of the following best describes the function of the glomerulus in the kidney?
A) It reabsorbs water and solutes from the filtrate.
B) It filters large particles such as cells and proteins into the renal tubule.
C) It produces erythropoietin to regulate red blood cell production.
D) It acts as a knot of capillaries with high pressure to filter plasma into the Bowman’s capsule.

D) It acts as a knot of capillaries with high pressure to filter plasma into the Bowman’s capsule

Large particles like cells and proteins do not pass through.

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What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
A) The rate at which blood is filtered through the renal tubules
B) The volume of plasma filtered through the glomerulus per minute
C) The rate at which water is reabsorbed in the nephron
D) The rate of secretion of waste products into the filtrate

B) The volume of plasma filtered through the glomerulus per minute

The normal rate is about 125 mL/min or 180 L/day.

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Which structure collects the filtrate from the glomerulus?
A) Renal pelvis
B) Ureter
C) Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
D) Proximal convoluted tubule

C) Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

The Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerulus.

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Which of the following solutes is not reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
A) Glucose
B) Sodium (Na+)
C) Chloride (Cl-)
D) Urea

D) Urea

Urea and waste products stay in the tubule for excretion.

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What substances can be actively secreted into the renal tubule?
A) Poisons, drugs, and excess H+
B) Water and glucose
C) Sodium and chloride
D) Urea and bicarbonate

A) Poisons, drugs, and excess H+

Active secretion helps eliminate harmful substances.

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What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
A) Water is reabsorbed
B) Sodium chloride (NaCl) is pumped out
C) Filtrate becomes concentrated
D) Water follows salt into the descending limb

B) Sodium chloride (NaCl) is pumped out

Water does not follow because the walls are not permeable to water.

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Why does the filtrate leaving the loop of Henle become very dilute?
A) Water is reabsorbed in the ascending limb
B) Salt is absorbed in the descending limb
C) The ascending limb is impermeable to water
D) The descending limb actively pumps out salt

C) The ascending limb is impermeable to water

This results in a dilute filtrate of about 100 milli-osmol.

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How does the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the loop of Henle compare to the normal osmolarity of body fluids?
A) It is the same as body fluids (300 milli-osmol).
B) It is more concentrated than body fluids.
C) It is very dilute, at about 100 milli-osmol.
D) It is completely free of salts and waste.

C) It is very dilute, at about 100 milli-osmol

Compared to the normal 300 milli-osmol of body fluids.

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What is the function of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)?
A) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
B) It increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys.
C) It decreases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
D) It promotes the secretion of potassium into the urine.

C) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water

This helps regulate water balance and blood pressure.

Under what conditions is ADH released from the pituitary gland?
A) When blood pressure is high
B) When osmotic pressure is low
C) When blood pressure is low or osmotic pressure is high
D) When blood sodium levels are normal

C) When blood pressure is low or osmotic pressure is high

This signals the body to retain water.

How does ADH affect water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A) It decreases the osmotic pressure of the medulla.
B) It decreases the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting ducts.
C) It increases the osmotic effect of the medulla, causing more water to be reabsorbed.
D) It increases sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.

C) It increases the osmotic effect of the medulla, causing more water to be reabsorbed

The osmotic gradient is created by the loops of Henle.

What does aldosterone regulate in the kidneys?
A) Water reabsorption
B) Glucose filtration
C) Potassium secretion
D) Sodium reabsorption

D) Sodium reabsorption

Aldosterone plays a key role in maintaining fluid balance and blood pressure.

What happens when sodium is reabsorbed in the kidneys? A) Water is secreted into the filtrate. B) Chloride ions follow sodium, or potassium ions are secreted into the filtrate. C) Potassium ions are reabsorbed. D) Glucose is reabsorbed into the blood.

B) Chloride ions follow sodium, or potassium ions are secreted into the filtrate ## Footnote This maintains electrolyte balance.

How does water reabsorption relate to sodium reabsorption in the kidneys? A) Water is reabsorbed passively when sodium is reabsorbed. B) Water is secreted when sodium is reabsorbed. C) Water is reabsorbed only when potassium is reabsorbed. D) Water is actively pumped into the blood when sodium is reabsorbed.

A) Water is reabsorbed passively when sodium is reabsorbed ## Footnote The amount of water reabsorbed depends on the amount of ADH.

Where is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) located and what does it monitor? A) It is located in the proximal convoluted tubule and monitors salt levels. B) It is located in the loop of Henle and monitors blood oxygen levels. C) It is located in the collecting duct and monitors urine concentration. D) It is located near the glomerulus and monitors blood pressure.

D) It is located near the glomerulus and monitors blood pressure ## Footnote The JGA triggers the release of renin when blood pressure is low.

What effect does Angiotensin II have in the body? A) It promotes the release of aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction. B) It promotes the secretion of ADH and causes vasodilation. C) It decreases blood pressure by dilating blood vessels. D) It increases urine production by inhibiting water reabsorption.

A) It promotes the release of aldosterone and causes vasoconstriction ## Footnote This results in higher blood volume and blood pressure.

What is the role of aldosterone in regulating blood pressure? A) It decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). B) It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). C) It inhibits the release of renin. D) It causes vasodilation in the kidneys.

B) It increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) ## Footnote This helps maintain blood pressure.

What happens when blood pH rises? A) Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed, and hydrogen ions are secreted. B) Bicarbonate ions are excreted, and hydrogen ions are retained. C) Both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are reabsorbed. D) Bicarbonate ions are excreted, and hydrogen ions are secreted.

B) Bicarbonate ions are excreted, and hydrogen ions are retained. ## Footnote When blood pH rises (becomes more alkaline), the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ions and retain hydrogen ions to help bring the pH back to normal levels.

What occurs when blood pH falls (becomes more acidic)? A) Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed, and hydrogen ions are secreted. B) Bicarbonate ions are excreted, and hydrogen ions are retained. C) Both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions are secreted. D) The kidneys stop regulating pH.

A) Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed, and hydrogen ions are secreted. ## Footnote When blood pH falls (becomes more acidic), the kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate ions and secrete hydrogen ions to help restore the pH balance.

What is the typical pH range of urine? A) 5.0 to 6.5 B) 4.5 to 8.0 C) 7.0 to 8.5 D) 6.0 to 7.0

B) 4.5 to 8.0. ## Footnote The pH of urine typically ranges from 4.5 to 8.0, depending on the body's acid-base balance and other factors.

What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO)? A) To stimulate the kidneys to excrete excess sodium B) To increase the filtration rate in the glomerulus C) To regulate the reabsorption of water in the kidneys D) To stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells

D) To stimulate the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. ## Footnote Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) produced in the body? A) In the heart B) In the lungs C) In the kidney JGAs D) In the liver

C) In the kidney JGAs. ## Footnote Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGAs) in the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood.

What is the primary solute in urine? A) Glucose B) Sodium chloride C) Nitrogenous waste D) Water

Nitrogenous waste. ## Footnote The main solute in urine is nitrogenous waste, which includes substances such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine that are excreted from the body.

What is urea, and how is it formed? A) The end product of carbohydrate metabolism B) The end product of protein breakdown C) The result of nucleic acid metabolism D) A byproduct of muscle energy storage

B) The end product of protein breakdown. ## Footnote Urea is produced from the breakdown of proteins in the body. It is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine.

Which of the following is a byproduct of nucleic acid metabolism? A) Urea B) Glucose C) Creatinine D) Uric acid

Uric acid. ## Footnote Uric acid is a byproduct of the metabolism of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and is excreted in the urine.

Which of the following ions are commonly found in urine? A) Sodium and potassium ions B) Glucose and amino acids C) Calcium and phosphate ions D) Iron and copper ions

A) Sodium and potassium ions. ## Footnote Sodium and potassium ions are common in urine, as they are involved in maintaining electrolyte balance and are excreted through the kidneys.

What is the primary cause of the yellow color in urine? A) Urochrome B) Uric acid C) Creatinine D) Bilirubin

A) Urochrome. ## Footnote Urochrome is the yellow pigment responsible for the color of urine, resulting from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Which substances are regulated by the kidneys to maintain acid-base balance? A) Sodium and chloride B) Ammonia and bicarbonate ions or H+ C) Glucose and amino acids D) Urea and creatinine

B) Ammonia and bicarbonate ions or H+. ## Footnote The kidneys help maintain acid-base balance by regulating ammonia and bicarbonate ions, as well as secreting hydrogen ions (H+) to adjust the blood pH.

What is the trigone of the urinary bladder? A) A region where the urethra meets the bladder B) A triangular region at the base of the bladder defined by three openings C) The muscle that controls urine flow out of the bladder D) The structure that produces urine

B) A triangular region at the base of the bladder defined by three openings. ## Footnote The trigone is a triangular region of the urinary bladder base, defined by two openings from the ureters and one opening to the urethra.

In males, which structure surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder? A) Prostate gland B) Urethra C) Seminal vesicle D) Rectum

A) Prostate gland. ## Footnote In males, the prostate gland surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder, which is involved in the control of urine flow.

What is the name of the three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder? A) Urethral sphincter B) Trigone muscle C) Detrusor muscle D) Vesical muscle

C) Detrusor muscle. ## Footnote The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder are collectively called the detrusor muscle, which plays a key role in bladder contraction during urination.

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the urinary bladder? A) Simple squamous epithelium B) Simple columnar epithelium C) Stratified cuboidal epithelium D) Transitional epithelium

D) Transitional epithelium. ## Footnote The mucosa of the urinary bladder is made of transitional epithelium, which allows for stretching and expansion as the bladder fills with urine.

What characteristic of the urinary bladder allows it to expand without significantly increasing internal pressure? A) The bladder wall is thick and folded when empty B) The presence of smooth muscle in the mucosa C) The bladder contains a large amount of transitional epithelium D) The detrusor muscle contracts continuously

A) The bladder wall is thick and folded when empty. ## Footnote The walls of the urinary bladder are thick and folded when empty, allowing the bladder to expand significantly without greatly increasing internal pressure as it fills with urine.

What is the primary function of the urethra? A) To filter urine B) To carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder C) To carry urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body D) To reabsorb water and solutes from urine

C) To carry urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. ## Footnote The urethra is a thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body during urination.

Which of the following statements is true about the internal urethral sphincter? A) It is made of skeletal muscle and under voluntary control. B) It is made of smooth muscle and under involuntary control. C) It is located at the opening of the urinary bladder. D) It is under voluntary control and allows urine to pass through.

B) It is made of smooth muscle and under involuntary control. ## Footnote The internal urethral sphincter is made of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control, helping regulate the release of urine from the bladder.

What type of muscle makes up the external urethral sphincter? A) Cardiac muscle B) Skeletal muscle C) Smooth muscle D) Epithelial tissue

B) Skeletal muscle. ## Footnote The external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control, allowing for conscious regulation of urine release.

What happens during the micturition reflex? A) The external sphincter contracts and the detrusor muscle relaxes. B) The internal sphincter relaxes, and the detrusor muscle contracts. C) The bladder expands, and the urge to void disappears. D) The spinal cord inhibits the contraction of the bladder muscle.

B) The internal sphincter relaxes, and the detrusor muscle contracts. ## Footnote During the micturition reflex, impulses from the spinal cord cause the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal sphincter to relax, facilitating the release of urine.

How is micturition controlled voluntarily? A) The brain inhibits the detrusor muscle. B) The brain sends impulses to the external sphincter, keeping it tight to delay urination. C) The brain activates stretch receptors in the bladder. D) The brain causes the internal sphincter to remain tight.

B) The brain sends impulses to the external sphincter, keeping it tight to delay urination. ## Footnote The external sphincter is under voluntary control, and the brain can delay micturition by sending impulses that keep the sphincter tight, allowing the individual to control the release of urine until the appropriate time.