Cell division, Protein synthesis and wound healing Flashcards
(18 cards)
During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
C. Anaphase
In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart and moved to opposite sides of the cell, ensuring each new cell gets an identical set of chromosomes
Which of the following events occurs during prophase of mitosis?
A. Chromosomes align at the cell’s equator.
B. The nuclear membrane dissolves, and the spindle apparatus forms.
C. Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
D. The cytoplasm divides.
B. The nuclear membrane dissolves, and the spindle apparatus forms.
Prophase marks the beginning of mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibres form to move chromosomes.
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane begin to break down?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
A. Prophase
In prophase, the nuclear membrane begins to dissolve, allowing the chromosomes to be accessed by the spindle fibres for movement in later stages.
What is the role of the nuclear envelope during cell division?
A. To store genetic information.
B. To hold the chromosomes together.
C. To protect the chromosomes and regulate access during cell division.
D. To assist in the separation of sister chromatids.
C. To protect the chromosomes and regulate access during cell division.
The nuclear envelope protects the genetic material during interphase and regulates what enters and exits the nucleus. It disintegrates during mitosis to allow chromosomes to move.
At what point in the cell cycle does the nuclear membrane reassemble around each set of chromosomes?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
D. Telophase
During telophase, the nuclear membrane re-forms around the separated chromosome sets, marking the near end of cell division.
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes align in the cell’s centre?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
B. Metaphase
During metaphase, chromosomes align along the metaphase plate at the cell’s equator. This alignment ensures proper chromosome separation during the next phase, anaphase.
Which of the following events occurs during anaphase of mitosis?
A. Chromosomes condense.
B. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
C. The nuclear membrane dissolves.
D. The cell plate forms.
B. Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.
Anaphase is characterised by the separation of sister chromatids, which are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibres.
What is the primary event of cytokinesis?
A. DNA replication.
B. Chromosome alignment at the equator.
C. The division of the cytoplasm and organelles.
D. The formation of the mitotic spindle.
C. The division of the cytoplasm and organelles.
Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division, where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two distinct daughter cells. This process completes after mitosis and is essential for cell function.
At which stage of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform?
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
D. Telophase
Telophase is the final stage of mitosis when the nuclear envelope and nucleolus re-form around each set of chromosomes, preparing for the completion of cell division.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in mitosis?
A. Prophase → Metaphase → Telophase → Anaphase
B. Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
C. Metaphase → Prophase → Anaphase → Telophase
D. Metaphase → Anaphase → Prophase → Telophase
B. Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
The correct sequence of stages in mitosis is prophase, where chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope dissolves; metaphase, where chromosomes align at the cell’s equator; anaphase, where sister chromatids separate; and telophase, where the nuclear membrane reforms.
Which of the following events occurs first in mitosis?
A. Chromatids separate.
B. Chromosomes condense.
C. The nuclear membrane reforms.
D. The cell divides.
B. Chromosomes condense.
The first event in mitosis is the condensation of chromatin into distinct chromosomes during prophase. This ensures that the genetic material is properly organized for cell division.
Name the stages of mitosis in the correct order:
A. Late prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
B. Late prophase → Anaphase → Metaphase → Telophase
C. Late prophase → Metaphase → Telophase → Anaphase
D. Late prophase → Telophase → Anaphase → Metaphase
A. Late prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
The correct sequence of mitosis starting from late prophase is: late prophase (chromosomes are fully condensed and the nuclear envelope is breaking down), metaphase (chromosomes align at the cell’s equator), anaphase (sister chromatids separate), and telophase (chromosomes begin to de-condense, and the nuclear envelope re-forms).
Which of the following is the primary function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
A. To carry amino acids to the ribosome
B. To carry genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome
C. To form the structure of the ribosome
D. To unwind the DNA double helix
B. To carry genetic information from the DNA to the ribosome
mRNA (messenger RNA) transcribes the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
What is the primary role of translation during protein synthesis in the cell?
A. To transcribe DNA into mRNA
B. To assemble amino acids into proteins based on mRNA codons
C. To replicate the DNA for cell division
D. To unwind the DNA strands for transcription
B. To assemble amino acids into proteins based on mRNA codons
Translation is the process where the mRNA code is read by ribosomes, and amino acids are assembled into proteins according to the instructions in the mRNA.
During translation, which structure is responsible for matching tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons?
A. Ribosome
B. Nucleus
C. DNA polymerase
D. Helicase
A. Ribosome
The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and facilitates the matching of tRNA anticodons with these codons, ensuring the correct amino acids are brought together to form a protein.
Which of the following is the correct order of events during translation?
A. mRNA is transcribed → tRNA binds to amino acids → tRNA binds to mRNA → Protein is released
B. DNA is transcribed into mRNA → tRNA binds to mRNA → Protein is synthesized
C. mRNA is translated into DNA → Protein is released
D. mRNA is transcribed → Ribosome assembles amino acids into proteins
B. DNA is transcribed into mRNA → tRNA binds to mRNA → Protein is synthesised
Translation begins with mRNA transcribed from DNA, followed by tRNA binding to the mRNA at the ribosome, where amino acids are joined to form a protein.
What is the role of tRNA in translation?
A. To carry the mRNA to the ribosome
B. To bring amino acids to the ribosome and match its anticodon with the mRNA codon
C. To transcribe DNA into mRNA
D. To form the ribosome
B. To bring amino acids to the ribosome and match its anticodon with the mRNA codon
tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and uses its anticodon to match with the complementary mRNA codon, ensuring the correct amino acids are incorporated into the growing protein.
Which of the following occurs when translation is complete?
A. The ribosome assembles into two subunits.
B. The newly formed protein is folded into its functional shape.
C. The mRNA is transcribed into DNA.
D. The amino acids dissociate from the ribosome.
B. The newly formed protein is folded into its functional shape.
After translation, the polypeptide chain that forms the protein is released and undergoes folding into its three-dimensional functional shape.
