Blood Vessels II

Question 1

ADH has two effects on blood pressure. At low levels, it has a direct effect by increasing
_____. At higher levels, it has an indirect effect by causing ____

Answer 1

blood volume (or water 
retention): vasoconstriction

Question 2

ANP (_____) is released by the _____ in response to increased pressure

Answer 2

atrial natriuretic peptide; atria of

the heart

Question 3

ANP decreases blood pressure by promoting _____; this also causes ____

Answer 3

sodium excretion; water

excretion

Question 4

. Nitric oxide acts to _____

Answer 4

dilate blood vessels.

Question 5

Inflammatory chemicals act as ____

Answer 5

vasodilators

Question 6

. Alcohol inhibits _____, thereby indirectly decreasing _____.

Answer 6

ADH; blood volume

Question 7

The pulse can be felt above the shoulders at the _____, _____ and _____.

Answer 7

common carotid artery; facial

artery; temporal artery

Question 8

The pulse in the temporal artery can be felt _____

Answer 8

just above the zygomatic arch

Question 9

The pulse due to the common carotid artery can be felt _____ muscle, at the vertical
midline of the _____

Answer 9

just anterior to the

sternocleidomastoid; neck

Question 10

The pulse in the facial artery can sometimes be felt _____.

Answer 10

centrally on the lateral aspect

of the mandible

Question 11

The pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the axillary artery

Answer 11

under the arm

Question 12

In the arm, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the brachial arter

Answer 12

in the antecubital region

Question 13

. In the arm, the pulse can be felt _____ due to the radial artery.

Answer 13

on the anterior of the wrist

Question 14

. Below the waist, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____ due to the femoral artery.

Answer 14

in the groin

Question 15

7. Below the waist, the pulse sometimes can be felt _____ due to the popliteal artery.

Answer 15

at the back of the bent knee

Question 16

. Below the waist, the pulse can sometimes be felt _____, due to the posterior tibial artery

Answer 16

in the ankle, posterior to the

medial malleolus

Question 17

. Below the waist, the pulse can be felt at the _____ due to the dorsalis pedis artery

Answer 17

front of the ankle

Question 18

In addition to their utility in determining heart rate, pulse points are also _____ which allow
blood flow to the region they serve to be stopped in the event of injury

Answer 18

pressure points

Question 19

Blood pressure is measured by using a(n) ____

Answer 19

sphygmomanometer

Question 20

____ means ‘listening to the bodily sounds

Answer 20

Auscultation

Question 21

Sounds heard through the stethoscope after a period of silence during a blood pressure
determination are due to the _____. This is the _____ pressure

Answer 21

blood spurting into the

constricted artery; systolic

Question 22

As the heartbeat forces blood past the blood pressure cuff and into the constricted
arteries, the sounds that are heard using a stethoscope are called the ____

Answer 22

sounds of Korotkoff

Question 23

During a blood pressure determination, the point at which sounds of blood flow can no
longer be heard during the release of pressure from the cuff corresponds to the _____

Answer 23

diastolic pressure

Question 24

_____ is a sudden drop in blood pressure due to a change in posture to an erect position.

Answer 24

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 25

Nutritional deficits or diseases which cause a decrease in blood viscosity cause ____

Answer 25

chronic hypotension

Question 26

Blood loss causes blood pressure to ____

Answer 26

drop or decrease

Question 27

. Blood pressure is in the 'hypertensive' range when it is _____ or greater

Answer 27

140/90 mm Hg

Question 28

_____, the most common type, is a chronic elevation in blood pressure with no apparent cause.

Answer 28

``` Essential hypertension (or primary hypertension) ```

Question 29

_____ refers to the ability of many organs to change blood pressure within the organ itself via modification of arterial diameter

Answer 29

Autoregulation

Question 30

Changes in blood flow to an organ induced by the need for additional oxygen or nutrients (or to remove wastes) are known as _____

Answer 30

metabolic controls

Question 31

Changes in blood flow to an organ induced by stretching or constriction of the blood vessels supplying the tissue are known as ____

Answer 31

myogenic controls

Question 32

When the blood supply to a tissue is restored after a period of ischemia, it is _____. This effect is termed _____

Answer 32

higher than normal; reactive | hyperemia

Question 33

If the oxygen or nutrient requirements of a tissue are higher than the supply, the long-term response of the body is _____ (that is, _____).

Answer 33

angiogenesis; creation of new | blood vessels

Question 34

_____ within the brain is so finely tuned that individual neurons, when active, receive more blood than those that are inactive.

Answer 34

Autoregulation

Question 35

Of all the organs in the body, autoregulation of the blood supply to the _____ is most stringent and controlled.

Answer 35

brain

Question 36

. A major function of the blood vessels within the skin is to allow control of _____

Answer 36

body temperature

Question 37

Unlike arteries in other areas of the body, arteries and arterioles in the pulmonary circuit have _____ walls and _____ lumens

Answer 37

thin; large

Question 38

In order to maximize blood flow to regions of the lungs that have the most oxygen, blood vessels in regions of the lung with low oxygen _____

Answer 38

vasoconstrict

Question 39

Nutrients and gases move across the capillary walls by ____

Answer 39

diffusion

Question 40

____ forces fluid out of blood vessels and into the surrounding tissue

Answer 40

Hydrostatic pressure (HP)

Question 41

_____ is the main force causing fluid to move into blood vessels from the surrounding tissue, and opposing the tendency of fluid to leave the blood vessels

Answer 41

Osmotic pressure (OP)

Question 42

Osmotic pressure across capillary walls is due to _____ that are colloidally dispersed

Answer 42

large molecules

Question 43

The capillary colloidal osmotic pressure (abbreviated _____) is sometimes referred to as _____.

Answer 43

OPc; oncotic pressure

Question 44

Because the hydrostatic pressure is due to blood pressure, it _____ as the distance from the heart increases

Answer 44

decreases

Question 45

_____ pressure falls as the distance from the heart increases, but _____ pressure, which is due only to the number of particles in solution, does not. Thus, fluid tends to leave the blood at the end of the capillaries that is ____

Answer 45

Hydrostatic; osmotic; nearest | the heart

Question 46

The hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is _____

Answer 46

quite low

Question 47

Whether fluid will leave or enter the capillary is determined by the _____ pressure.

Answer 47

net filtration

Question 48

Express net filtration pressure as a function of the net hydrostatic and osmotic pressures present in a given region of a capillary. (Be able to use this to predict whether fluid will enter or leave the capillary.)

Answer 48

NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif); if greater than 0, fluid leaves capillary

Question 49

Fluid that exits the bloodstream to enter the interstitial space is eventually returned to it by the _____ system.

Answer 49

lymphatic

Question 50

_____ refers to a condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled (pressure is too low) and blood cannot circulate.

Answer 50

Shock

Question 51

_____ refers to the expression T = 2rP/t (that is, to the fact that tension against blood vessel walls is proportional to vessel radius and blood pressure, and inversely proportional to wall thickness

Answer 51

Laplace's Law

Question 52

If blood pressure falls too low, it reaches the _____, at which point there is not enough pressure to keep the vessels open and they collapse, stopping blood flow.

Answer 52

critical closing pressure

Question 53

Shock due to blood loss is _____ shock.

Answer 53

hypovolemic

Question 54

Shock caused by excessive dilation of the blood vessels is _____ shock.

Answer 54

vascular

Question 55

_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock which is due to a severe allergic reaction in which histamine is the agent causing the vasodilation.

Answer 55

Anaphylactic

Question 56

_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock due to toxins released by bacteria during a severe systemic infection

Answer 56

Septic

Question 57

_____ shock is a subtype of vascular shock due to failure of neural control

Answer 57

Neurogenic

Question 58

_____ shock is due to the inability of the heart to sustain output.

Answer 58

Cardiogenic

Question 59

For women, the risk of heart attack rises dramatically after ____

Answer 59

menopause

Question 60

The most common cardiovascular disease in the young is _____.

Answer 60

hypertension

Question 61

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → ascending aorta → _____ → myocardium

Answer 61

coronary arteries

Question 62

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → _____ → _____ → _____ → right subclavian artery → right upper limb

Answer 62

ascending aorta; aortic arch; | brachiocephalic trunk

Question 63

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: Left ventricle → _____ → _____ → left subclavian artery → left upper limb

Answer 63

ascending aorta; aortic arch

Question 64

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: _____ → _____ → _____ → RIGHT side of head, face, and neck

Answer 64

brachiocephalic trunk; right common carotid; right external carotid

Question 65

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: _____ → _____ → _____ → LEFT side of head, face, and neck

Answer 65

aortic arch; left common | carotid; left external carotid

Question 66

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: aortic arch → left _____ → left _____ → Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle)

Answer 66

common carotid; internal | carotid

Question 67

Fill in the missing terms in the following series: aortic arch → _____ → right _____ → right _____ → Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle

Answer 67

brachiocephalic trunk; common | carotid; internal carotid