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XIA BIOSCI107 > BLOODY HELLFIRE! (blood and immune) > Flashcards

BLOODY HELLFIRE! (blood and immune) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the average volume of blood in human

A

5 litres

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2
Q

how many litres circulates through your heart every day

A

140000Litres

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3
Q

Large vessels

A

High volume, low flow

as you can expect, low pressure

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4
Q

Small Vessels

A

Low volume, High flow

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5
Q

Tiny capillaries

A

requires quite high pressures to force blood through

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6
Q

Muscular arteries and valves

A

provide pressurised directional flow from lungs to tissue and organs

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7
Q

blood pressure ensures

A

even and efficient flow through small capillaries

Low enough to prevent capillary leakage, but high enough to avoid coagulation

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8
Q

Major components of blood

A 
blood Cells
Proteins
Lipids
electrolytes
vitamins
glucose
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9
Q

The lipids in blood are

A

bound in lipoproteins

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10
Q

proteins are

A

albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins and the major ones

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11
Q

what is the buffy coat composed of

A

white blood cells and platelets

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12
Q

What is the percentage of plasma in blood

A

55%

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13
Q

What is the percentage of red blood cells in blood

A

45%

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14
Q

Plasma

A

contains fibrinogen, that is removed with coagulation

it is the viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells

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15
Q

Serum

A

less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot

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16
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

is a form of leukaemia where a malignant lymphocyte produces monoclonal (immunoglobins)

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17
Q

How is multiple myeloma diagnosed

A

through serum electrophoresis

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18
Q

What is the functional role of albumin

A

it constitutes 50% of total blood protein and transports many small molecules and hormones

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19
Q

fibrinogen

A

constitutes 7% of total blood protein, activated through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin

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20
Q

Immunoglobins

A

produce antibodies, and includes diverse amounts of antigen binding proteins, produced by blood lymphocytes

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21
Q

Complement proteins

A

proteins that coat bacteria, targeting them for phagocytosis,

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22
Q

Opsonisation

A

is the molecular mechanism whereby molecules, microbes, or apoptotic cells are chemically modified to have a stronger attraction to the cell surface receptors on phagocytes and NK cells.

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23
Q

Coagulation factors

A

proteins that cause cascade to change fibrinogen into fibrin

these 13 proteins are cleaved in an ordered cascade resulting in fibrinogen into fibrin

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24
Q

What is essential for coagulation

A

Calcium 2+

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25
What is haemophilia a result of
FACTOR VIII deficiency
26
Electrolytes, isotonicity and buffering
blood pH is very tightly maintained at 7.4, Free Calcium ions and potassium ions.
27
How are electrolytes maintained
these are tightly maintained for regulation of cell membrane channels, ion pumps and normal nerve and muscle function such as heart
28
CD34
surface antigen marker on haemopoietic stem cells (aka as Autologous stem cells)
29
3 important factors that drive haematopoeisis
GM-CSF EPO G-CSF
30
GM-CSF
is a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor it produces neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes these are produced by macrophages, T cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts
31
EPO
Drives production of erythrocytes | it is produced mainly by the kidney during adulthood and liver
32
G-CSF
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor produced by many different cells stimulates production of granulocytes, but also acts to mature neutrophils
33
The association and dissociation of oxygen from heme isregulated by
the partial pressure of oxygen
34
What is Complement
a proteolytic activation cascade and is essential for innate immunity
35
what is the most abundant complement component in serum
C3
36
How many pathyways can activate complement
3 different pathways
37
the classical pathway for complement is mediated by
antibodies IgM or IgG binding to a microbe surface which is then bound by complement C1
38
dEPOSITION OF COMPLEMENT IS ESSENTAIL FOR
Phagocytosis
39
Deposited complexes are called
convertases, they activate more complement that then deposits to coat the surface
40
Convertases are irreversibly
bound through a covalent bond
41
what are C3, C4,C5
i think they are complements
42
What is the role of C3, C4 and C5
PRODUCE SMALL FRAGMENTS, like C3a, C4a and C5a, | which are classed as anaphylotoxins, (chemoattractant class)they attract and activate neutrophils
43
What is the most powerful complement
C5
44
What happens at the end stage of complement (C5 onwards)
forms a lytic pore that cause some bacteria to lyse, this is the membrane attack complex or MACS
45
What happens when people have deficiencies in a complement component
They are more susceptible to chronic infections
46
Many microbes produce proteins called
virulence factors, they inhibit the complement cascade
47
What kind of cascade is coagulation
a proteolytic activation cascade
48
what are the 2 pathways for activation
intrinsic caused by contact with surfaces | extrinsic caused by tissue damage
49
what is the key enzyme common to both the coagulation pathways
factor X
50
what is an essential mineral for coagulation
calcium
51
what is thrombin
the enzyme that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin, which cross-links
52
what is the process of thrombolysis
plasminogen converted to active plasmin and dissolves the clot
53
what are plasminogen activators widely used for
reatment of thrombosis, myocardial, PE, DVT
54
innate immunity-roughly what is it? | What does it do
It seems to roughly be the ability to discriminate between self cells and non-self cells Innate immunity provides our first-line or immediate response to pathogens
55
What are the 3 interlinked processes of innate immunity
Complement Myeloid cells and phagocytosis(neutrophils and macrophages) Pattern recognition receptors
56
What is the defence strategy with Viruses
viruses are intracellular pathogens Defence relies on cellular immunity-you need to distinguish infected cells from normal cels
57
Bacteria are mostly extracellular pathogens
defence is primarily mediated by innate mechanisms and phagocytosis
58
Protozoa and parasites
sometimes these are complex multicellular organisms that require direct killng by chemical mediators released by specialised myeloid cells "Spray and it goes away"
59
What are 2 main types of bacteria
gram positive and gram negative
60
what are the features of Gram positive bacteria
gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall as a defense requires phagocytosis, can't be killed directly by complement
61
What are features of Gram negative bacteria
they have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an outer membrane These bacteria can often be killed directly by complement membrane attack complex
62
What are some other features of Gram negative bacteria
They have an outer membrane, which appears to absent in Gram-positive bacteria They also seem to have an outer membrane. and periplasmic space
63
What does neutrophil extravasation mean
basically meaning movement of a neutrophil out of the circulatory system and towards site of tissue damage
64
what is the process of neutrophil extravasation
``` Activation Tethering Adhesion Diapadesis Chemotaxis ```
65
What happens during activation(Neutrophil extraversation)
Chemokines from tissue injury or inflamation activate the local endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary wall
66
What happens during tethering of neutrophil extraversation
neutrophil tethers to the inside capillary wall. Mediated by selectins upregulated on endothelial cells and a carbohydrate antigen on neutrophils called sialyl Lewis X
67
What happens during adhesion of neutrophil extraversation
there is strong binding between neutrophil integrins and ICAM-1 on the endothelium at this point, the Neutrophil immobilises and flattens
68
Diapadesis of neutrophil extraversation
neutrophil squeezes between endothelial cells into the interstitial space
69
What happens during chemotaxis
Neutrophil migrates along a chemical gradient to the site of infection
70
Neutrophil phagocytosis | process
Chemoattractants such as C5a are being released that radiate away from the bacteria and are sensed by the leading edge of the neutrophil Neutrophils migrate up the chemoattractatnt gradient and polymerises actin filaments at their leading edge and de-polymerizes those filaments at the trailing edge Neutrophils have receptors that bind deposited complement proteins on the surface
71
What are complement receptors
Myeloid cell receptors that bind activated complement components deposited on bacteria, these include CR1, CR2, CR3and CR4
72
What is the main neutrophil receptor
CR1, it binds to C3b
73
What is the 7 step process for FcR antibody mediated phagocytosis
Antibody bind to bacterial antigens they expose the antibody Fc region Neutrophil FcR binds multivalent Fc activates phagocytosis Membrane invaginates forming a phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome phagolysosome acidifies and superoxides kill bacteria
74
What binds complex molecules that are unique to microbes
pattern recognition receptors
75
Why is molecular pattern recognition am important innate mechanism
I'm guessing because it activates strong pathways for inflammation
76
What are pathogen associated molecular patterns
molecules unique to microbes recognised by PRRs
77
what are 2 features of PAMPs
structurally very complex | and are evolutionary stable
78
What do PAMPs do
they stimulate the power switch for the adaptive response

XIA BIOSCI107 (5 decks)

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