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XIA BIOSCI107 > Sweetspots > Flashcards

Sweetspots Flashcards

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1
Q

Macrophage

A

phagocytic cells

can be referred to as histiocytes or monocytes

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2
Q

Plasma cells

A

antibody producing cells

These are fully matured from the finest B lymphocytes
produces 1 antibody per cell

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3
Q

Mast Cells

A

brought to you from our finest blood vessels, we introduce mast cell histamine

Mast cells produce histamine that have a role in dilating blood vessels

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4
Q

Leucocytes

A

collective name for white blood cells

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5
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutrophils are phagocytic cells

its different from a macrophage because its a granulocyte, thus it looks like it has multiple nuclei. and macrophages have like a single nucleus (a granulocyte

neutrophils tend to travel a lot more whereas macrophages tend to reside in the tissue

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6
Q

Basophils

A

like mast cells release substances that intensify the inflammatory response

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7
Q

eosinophils

A

effective against certain parasitic worms and in allergic responses

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8
Q

megakaryocyte

A

just creates platelets

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9
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

bowman’s cpasule of the kidney, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
inside eye
alveoli of lungs
viceral linings inside blood vessels

Typically systems that involve diffusion or filtration,
or a secretion where slippery things are needed

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10
Q

Bowman’s capsule tissue type

A

simple squamous

filtration

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11
Q

lining of cardiovascular and lymphatic system

A

simple squamous,
there’s some diffusion involved in both systems

like capillaries and subclavian stuff

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12
Q

inside eye

A

simple squamous- serous membrane, needed for secretion of outer layer

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13
Q

alveoli in lungs

A

simple squamous, there’s diffusion

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14
Q

visceral cavity lining

A

simple squamous, probably something to do with filtration or secretion

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15
Q

blood vessels

A

need to diffuse their nutrients to neighboring cells, so simple squamous

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16
Q

inside heart

A

idk why but its simple squamous

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17
Q

mesothelium locations

A

a serous membrane lining body cavity and viscera

the layer of squamous epithelial cells

called: peritoneum, pericardium, pleura

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18
Q

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

A

Think of secretion mostly, absorption can be a bit confusing

Pancreas, parts of kidney tubules, smaller ducts of many glands ,secretory chambers of thyroid, anterior surface of lens, pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina
secretory parts of some glands

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19
Q

pancreas duct

A

simple cuboida, its a duct, it secretes

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20
Q

kidney TUBULE

A

the TUBULE is a really windy thing we did in A2
it “absorbs”, and its like a tube, close to a duct
bam. Simple cuboidal

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21
Q

smaller ducts of many glands

A

secretion,

simple cuboidal

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22
Q

anterior surface of lens

A

secretion of tears
SECRETION!
simple cuboidal

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23
Q

pigmented epithelium at posterior of retina

A

nourishes the retina, SECRETION OF STUFF!!!

simple cuboidal

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24
Q

secretory part glands of thyroid

A

secretory

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

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25
non-ciliated columnar
tend to be similar to cuboidal, except, its usually not like a tube, its like a surface
26
ciliated simple columnar
cilia main functional role is to waft mucus and oocytes
27
gut mucosa
non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium thick duct surface
28
bigger ducts of glands
non-ciliated simple columnar
29
gall bladder
quite a big duct, | simple columnar
30
fallopian tube
ciliated simple columnar
31
respiratory tract
ciliated simple columnar
32
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
typically where mechanical or chemical stress severe, | microbes and shit
33
mouth throat, oseophagus
mechanical stress of chewing and eating has chemical stress, thin stratified squamous epithelium
34
anus
taking a shit takes a lot of mechanical stress stratified squamous epithelium
35
stratified cuboidal
ducts of adult sweat glands, oesophagal glands, male urethra
36
stratified columnar
part of urethra large ducts, such as oesophageal glands, anal mucosal membrane part of eye
37
is skeletal muscle multinucleated
yes
38
function of the epimysium
fibrous elastic tissue that surrounds a muscle
39
function of perimysium
fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a fascicle
40
whats a fascicle
a bundle of skeletal muscles surrounded by a perimysium
41
endomysium
around muscle fibres
42
sarcolemma
cell plasma membrane of muscles
43
sarcomere
actual unit of muscle myofibril
44
muscle myofibril
contractile threads found in muscle fibres | they are made from actin and myosin
45
Z discs
are literally sarcomeres
46
Is cardiac muscle multinucleated
nope, it only has a single nucleus
47
What are purkynje fibres
specialised muscle fibre that conducts electrical activity | they have less myofibrils, but more specialised connexins
48
do cardiac muscle have myofibrils
yep
49
what is the protein that links M lines to Z discs
Titin-provides resting tension in I band | and molecular string
50
what are striations due to
highly organised arrangement of myofibrils in cells
51
Do smooth muscles have myofibrils
yes, looks like they do
52
around how many genes that code for protein
21306
53
what are germ line mutations
every cell in the body has the variant, it can be inherited
54
what are somatic mutations
only tissue from the mutated cell has the variant, therefore it usually has localised effects, and are generally not inherited
55
Do genetic variation always result in a phenotype
no because it can depend on the type of genetic variant and what the different combinations of genes and how they are inherited
56
What is a trait
an individual's genotype determines the range of traits
57
PKU
recessive genetic disorder unable to manufacture enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine-(the enzyme being phenylalanine hydroxylase increased levels of phenylalanine can cause disability, seizures, delayed development
58
Huntington's disease
dominant mutation affects motor, mood, cognition
59
BLOOD GROUPS
example of multiple allele inheritance although you inherit 2 alleles for each gene, they have different forms
60
Complex inheritance
skin pigmentation one phenotype can include many genotypes one genotype can have may phenotypes complex traits difficult to follow in a family range of variation large number of genes involved unknown impact of environmental factors not understood
61
Red/green color blindness
sex linked | gene for cred green colour blindness is recessive
62
How do these boffins diagnose these people
``` cells from patient extract DNA Prepare DNA for sequencing sequence align to a known reference identify variations ```
63
filtering process
``` total variants mode of inheritance population frequency functional effect relevant gene ```
64
what are the benefits of understanding genetic variation in the context of human health
better understanding can lead to improved long-term clinical management treatment options family planning relieving uncertainty and anxiety for families "decreased parental guilt" helping families gain access to resources and support
65
Ethical considerations
You learn about more than just yourself when you sequence your genome • Incidental findings • Sequencing vulnerable populations • Storage and access of genetic information
66
what is the role of the endomembrane system
along with plasma membranes, they work together to package, label and ship molecules
67
The endomembrane system includes 4 organelles
1-nucleus 2-endoplasmic reticulum 3-golgi apparatus 4-lysosomes
68
what is included in the nucleus
nuclear envelope nucleolus chromatin
69
membrane proteins are often amphipathic, meaning
membrane proteins often have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
70
what is the function of transmembrane proteins | integral membrane proteins
integral membrane proteins fully span the entire membrane and contact extracellular and cytoplasmic areas
71
What is one of the obscure things plasma membranes do
one thing that looks like a doorknob, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix Fibronectin mediates contact between cell surface integrins and ECM.
72
Nucleolus function
rRNA production, assembly of small and large subunits of ribosomes
73
Pores in the nucleus regulates
movement of substances (protein and mRNA into and out of the cell) Molecule segregation allows temporal and spatial control of cell function
74
Nucleosomes
DNA wrapped twice around group of 8 histones. When
75
when multiple nucleosomes combine
they become chromatin
76
DNA present as chromatin
is usual
77
Why do chromosomes exist?
because the condensation of chromosomes package it easier into a nucleus than just chromosomes
78
what are ribosomes made of
rRNA+protein
79
what does the smooth ER do in the liver
houses enzymes for detoxification and glucose release
80
what does the smooth ER do in the muscles
release of calcium
81
Lysosomal enzymes plays a role in
recycling the enzymes needed for breakdown
82
what is Gaucher's metabolic disorder
when a lipid called glucocereboside is poorly degraded and accumulates in Liver and stuff
83
how many small genomes does the mitochondria carry
about 37
84
Chemiososmosis
across inner membrane
85
glycolytic electrons from NADH is shuttled into the mitochondria by
transferring the electron to either NAD+ or FAD, the latter produces less ATP
86
What direction does the RNA transcript grow from
5' to 3'
87
How often are Housekeeping proteins transcribed relative to the other proteins
Housekeeping proteins are more actively transcribed than secretory protein this means there are more mRNA present in large quantities and typically have a longer half-life in all cells.
88
complementary RNA nucleotides are added to the...of the growing transcript
the 3' end, of the growing transcript, think, it is added from 5' to 3' direction
89
how is a phosphodiesster bond made with the transcript and the incoming nucleotide
the 3' OH of the transcript binds with the 5' phosphate of the incoming nucleotide
90
how is transcription terminated
after transcription of polyadenylation signals, the nyclear enzymes release the pre-mRNA and RNA polymerases then dissociates from DNA
91
How is initiation caused in translation
small ribosomal subunits with initiator tRNA already bound binds to 5' cap of mRNA
92
the codons of the mRNA are translated from
5' to 3' | the ribosome moves along the mRNA from 5' to 3' that i guess is the downstream
93
how does translation elongation occur
a large subunit rRNA catalyses the peptide bond formation. GTP invested to increase accuracy/efficiency of codon recognition
94
What is the order of mRNA modification
capping, tailing then splicing
95
what is paracrine signalling
A hormone which has effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it
96
insulin from pancreatic beta cells bind to insulin receptors called
tyrosine kinase they initiate a cascade that results in glucose uptake
97
What is usually a feature of the primary messenger in an intracellular receptor process
well, they gotta somehow get past the PM | THEY ARE HYDROPHOBIC THEREFORE
98
Is adenylyl cyclase active after the ligand binds to receptor and G protein is activated
no
99
When is adenylyl cyclase active
when G protein is released from GPCR and contacts adenyl cyclase
100
How does the G protein revert back to its resting state
there are GTPase activty promoting its release from enzymes reverting them back to the resting state
101
which 3 aminoacides are activated by kinase
tryosine, serine, threonin | serine and threonin more important
102
what does adenylyl cyclase do
convert ATP to cAMP
103
What is the calcium ion method of signalling
G protein activates phospholipase C Phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 into DAG and IP3 IP3 diffuses through cytosol and binds to channel in the ER calcium ions flow out of ER down concentration gradient
104
phosphodiesterase
breaks dow cAMP
105
What does caffeine do
they block phosphodiesterase
106
cyclin is built up
around G2
107
cyclin is broken down
about M PHASE

XIA BIOSCI107 (5 decks)

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